1. Standard 10.3 Students analyze the effects of the Industrial Revolution in England, France, Germany, Japan, and the United States. Part 4. Trace the evolution of work and labor, including the demise of the slave trade and the effects of immigration, mining and manufacturing, division of labor, and the union movement.

2. The Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890 SECTION 1 Every contract, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce among the several States, or with foreign nations, is declared to be illegal.

3. Every person who shall make any contract or engage in any combination or conspiracy hereby declared to be illegal shall be deemed guilty of a felony, and, on conviction thereof, shall be punished by: Ten Million Dollar fine (Corporation) $350,000 fine (Individual) 3 Years in prison.

4. The Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890 SECTION 2 Every person who shall monopolize, or attempt to monopolize, or combine or conspire with any other person or persons, to monopolize any part of the trade or commerce among the several States, or with foreign nations, shall be deemed guilty of a felony. Same punishment

5. The Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890 Prior to roughly 1840 there was no such thing as big business! First Action Taken by Labor 1741New York Bakers refused to bake and sell bread at the price set by the municipal authority.(the government)

6. The Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890 1749 First organized unions form as a result of people not being able to make essential products at home. Skilled crafts people hired employees and set prices and standards due to geographic (natural) monopoly.

7. The Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890 Increased and efficient transportation of goods created regional markets. Competition lead to the cutting of wages as businesses owners become more cost conscious. First local strikes were in response to wage cuts.

8. 1805 Philadelphia Journeymen Cordwainers -- Journeymen strike against masters for higher wages. Now begins the polarization between: employee (labor) and employer (capital or management). 1829Strikes were considered by the government as “criminal conspiracy”

9. The Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890 Case after case against unions were won by capital. New York legislature passes a law making a “conspiracy to commit any act injurious to public morals or to trade or commerce” an offense. 1840’s Unions begin to achieve political power through legitimate,non-violent, organized action.

10. Two choices for using new-found legitimacy: 1.For broad social ambitions through increased political power: Abolish debtor’s prisons - provide public education - establish nationwide organization to gain political power. 2.Or for narrow economic interests

11. 8 hour work day, better pay, safer working conditions. They chose to try for political power! National Labor Union elects a candidate for President and VP and is washed away in the Republican landslide. Dumb move! After this, the Noble Order of the Knights of Labor win several big strikes against businesses.

12. BUT…in 1886 a massive Labor upheaval begins Worst in U.S. History. StrikesViolenceStrikes and Violence rake the country. So…in1886 Samuel Gompers of the New York union of cigar makers founds the American Federation of Labor (AFL) Central Issue was the 8 hour day

13. The Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890 The AFL was an Economic - Bread and Butter - Union, not a Social Union. They believed Unions should: a.Control the place of employment: wages, hours, working conditions.

14. The Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890 b.Negotiate or Bargain directly with employers; the voice of the workers. c.Don’t try to bring out reform through direct involvement in politics. d.Build up a Strike Fund. e.Win Strikes.

15. Employers are not beaten yet! Yeah Late 1880’s saw the rise of the Court Injunction. Court orders unions to stop activity, and was used by employers to stop the strikes. Unions had many setbacks due to Injunctions. Labor Spies: Yellow - Dog Contracts: Lockouts:

16. The injunctions worked because of the Sherman Anti- Trust Act When a union calls a strike, its object is restraint of trade, in a literal sense. A final win for labor: 1914 the Clayton Amendment to the Sherman Act gave exemption to unions under the Sherman Act.

17. The Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890 1932The Norris - LaGuardia Anti-Injunction Act passes = No more court injunctions against union activities, no more yellow - dog contracts. 1935The National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act): Guaranteed workers the right to organize unions and to engage in collective bargaining;

18. The Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890 and it required employers to bargain in good faith with unions. It also made it illegal for employers to interfere with legitimate union activities or to discriminate against workers who form unions or engage in union activities. The Act established the NLRB the National Labor Relations Board