1. Chapter 9 Development

2. The process of improving the material conditions and standard of living of people through the diffusion of knowledge, resources, and technology

3. Development Variations Some countries are more developed and some are less developed MDCs are More Developed Countries LDCs are Less Developed Countries Some prefer developing countries over LDC because it shows effort and improvement rather than stagnation

4. Development Variations Geographers study development variations, where MDCs and LDCs are located, and try to answer why.

5. Chapter 9 Section 1 Why Does Development Vary Among Countries?

6. HDI HDI is the Human Development Index The UN developed this system to recognize a country’s level of development as a function of three factors or indicators: –Economic –Social –Demographic

7. HDI The HDI looks at one economic factor (GDP per capita), two social factors (education level and literacy rate), and one demographic factor (life expectancy) They also examine some other indicators of each, but those are the ones they use to “grade” countries

8. HDI When a country is graded, the highest HDI possible is 1.0 or 100% Norway has been the highest with.963 Most western European countries, Japan, Canada, and the US are high ranking The US is tenth- we have a high per capita and literacy rate, but are lower in life expectancy and education level (too many silly high school drop outs)

9. HDI Niger was the lowest graded with.281 The lowest two dozen countries were located in sub-Saharan Africa Remember the demographic transition? That was the area with countries still in level 2

10. Human Development Index, 2005 Fig. 9-1: Developed by the United Nations, the HDI combines several measures of development: life expectancy at birth, adjusted GDP per capita, and knowledge (schooling and literacy).

11. Indicators of Development Economic indicators of development –Gross domestic product per capita –Types of jobs –Raw materials –Consumer goods Social indicators of development –Education and literacy –Health and welfare Demographic indicators of development –Life expectancy–Infant mortality rate –Natural increase rate–Crude birth rate

12. Economic Indicators GDP is the gross domestic product of a country- the total value of total output of goods and services produced in a country during a year Per capita income is the average amount of money a individual citizen of that country makes each year You get per capita income by dividing the GDP by the total population

13. Annual GDP per capita, 2005 Fig. 9-2: Annual gross domestic product (GDP) per capita averages over $20,000 in most developed countries but under $5000 in most less developed countries.

14. Other Economic Indicators Types of jobs MDCs have different types of jobs than LDCs Three types of sectors of jobs Have an impact on how hard physically you have to work, how much money you make, how much job security you have, and how well you are treated

15. Types of jobs Primary sector jobs: extracting materials from the earth through agriculture, mining, fishing, and forestry Secondary sector jobs: manufacturers raw materials into finished goods or useful products Tertiary sector jobs: are service oriented jobs like the provision of goods and services to people in exchange for payment

16. Types of jobs Primary sector jobs: most LDCs Secondary sector jobs: LDCs on the rise Tertiary sector jobs: most MDCs There are some of each in each country, but those are what most are

17. Employment Changes by Sector Fig. 9-3: Percentage employment in the primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors of MDCs has changed dramatically, but change has been slower in LDCs.

18. Other economic indicators Productivity: how productive (efficient) someone or something is (the value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it) MDCs have higher productivity LDCs have lower productivity Why? MDCs have better technology, are already founded, have more research funds, have more money to invest in capital (human and regular)

19. Other economic factors Raw materials: what a country has available as natural/raw resources in their country or has access to Most MDCs today started out with access to important raw materials (trees for lumber, iron ore for building, water sources, oil, natural gas) If they needed more, they also had developed enough to create colonies They had the technology and know-how to extract them and turn them into usable products

20. Other economic factors Consumer goods- what people buy, what they own- their assets People in MDCs have more money to buy goods and services and have more People in LDCs tend to have less money to buy good and services and have fewer As a result, MDCs can cover needs and wants often- LDCs struggle to cover needs a lot of times MDCs are more targeted to sell goods and services to and are more valued in the market place

21. Telephone Land Lines per Population Fig. 9-4: Telephone land lines per 1000 persons, 2005. MDCs have several hundred phone lines per 1000 persons, while the poorer developing countries may have less than 100.

22. Cellular Phones per Population Fig. 9-5: Cellular telephone lines per 1000 persons, 2005. Cell phones are now more common than land lines in much of Europe and Africa, but they are less common than land lines in North America.

23. Social Indicators MDCs bring in more money and have more to spend on schools, hospitals, welfare services, etc… As a result, people in MDCs tend to be more educated, healthier, and more protected from hardships and problems meeting basic needs Infants are more likely to survive and life expectancy for all is longer

24. Social Indicators Education level is an indicator of development MDCs tend to spend more on education and people living in them spend more of their lives in schools getting an education This measures the average number of years in schools

25. Social Indicators Quantity of education- number of years in school- is important, but so is quality Quality is measured by student/teacher ratio and literacy rate In MDCs, the average kid goes to school 10 years compared to a couple of years in LDCs The student/teacher ratio is twice as high in LDCs than MDCs, meaning students get less individualized attention

26. Primary Student-Teacher Ratios Fig. 9-6: Students per teacher, primary school level. Primary school teachers have much larger class sizes in LDCs than in MDCs, partly because of the large numbers of young people in the population.

27. Social Indicators The literacy rate is the percentage of a country’s people who can read and write It tends to exceed 98% in MDCs and in LDCs it averages around 60% Improved education creates more educated and able citizens Most LDCs are really trying to improve these programs to help create a more educated and able population

28. Social Indicators Another social indicator is the measurement of the health and welfare of a people People tend to be much healthier in MDCs MDCs have more resources, hospitals, access to technology, medicine, and knowledge and know-how MDCs also spend more money on the health of their people (8% compared to 6% in LDCs)

29. Health Care Expenditures per GDP Fig. 9-7: Expenditures on health care as percent of GDP, 2005. MDCs have much higher GDP and spend a greater proportion of GDP on health care than do LDCs.

30. Social Indicators People in MDCs receive more protein and calories that they need People in LDCs often fall short One emerging problem in MDCs though is overindulgence and obesity In many MDCs, healthcare is mostly paid for by the government from taxpayer money This costs a lot and people don’t like high taxes though so it is not all well

31. Physicians per Population Fig. 9-8: Physicians per 1000 people, 2005. MDCs have three or more physicians per 1000 people compared to less than one in most LDCs.

32. Calories per capita Fig. 9-9: Daily available calories per capita as percent of requirements, 2005. In MDCs, the average person consumes one-third or more over the required average minimum, while in LDCs, the average person gets only the minimum requirement or less.

33. Private Health Care Expenditures Fig. 9-10: Private expenditure on health care as percent of total health care expenditure, 2005. Except for the US, health care is considered a public service in most MDCs. In most LDCs and in the US, most health care costs are paid by individuals.

34. Demographic indicators of development MDCs and LDCs vary on many demographic measurements Life expectancy is the key measurement People live longer in MDCs than LDCs People in MDCs are likely to live into their 70s or early 80s People in LDCs are most likely to live only into their early 60s

35. Demographic indicators of development MDCs have more old people LDCs tend to have more young people Infant mortality rate is higher in LDCs than MDCs IMR has globally gone down some though NIR, Natural Increase Rate (CBR-CDR), is greater in LDCs than MDCs

36. Demographic indicators of development CBR, Crude Birth Rate, is higher in LDCs than MDCs CDR, Crude Death Rate, is higher in MDCs than LDCs- more old people in the population

37. HTTP://WWW.NEWSWEEK.CO M/2010/08/15/INTERACTIVE- INFOGRAPHIC-OF-THE- WORLDS-BEST- COUNTRIES.HTML How standard of living has changed over the years!