1. OPTICAL COMPUTING Presented By:Guided By: Anant Bhatt Mrs Neha Singh M.Tech Student Associate Professor I.E.T. ALWAR I.E.T. ALWAR.

2. Introduction Using light, instead of electric power, for performing computations. This choice is motivated by several features that light has. Optical computing technology is, in general, developing in two directions. 1. Electro optical hybrids 2. all functional operations in optical mode.

3. History In 1940's by von Neumann In the early 1960's and throughout the 1970's and 1980's In 1983

4. Why we Use Optics for Computing? Einstein’s principle that “signal cannot propagate faster than speed of light”. To make computers faster. Optical computing can solve miniaturization problem. Optical data processing can be performed in parallel.

5. Silicon Machines

6. Optical Computers

7. Optical Computer An optical computer (also called a photonic computer) is a device that uses the PHOTONS An optical computer, besides being much faster than an electronic one, might also be smaller. Instead of transistors, such a computer will have TRANSPHASORS.

8. Optic Fiber cables made of glass or plastic Glass Optic Fiber Plastic Optic Fiber

9. Optical Component For Computing Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Diode Smart Pixel Technology Wavelength Division Multiplexing Spatial Light Modulator

10. Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Diode VCSEL(pronounced‘vixel’)is a semiconductor vertical cavity surface emitting laser diode. emits light in a cylindrical beam vertically from the surface of a fabricated wafer. reflects a narrow range of wavelengths back in to the cavity

11. Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser

12. Wavelength Division Multiplexing Wavelength division multiplexing is a method of sending many different wavelengths down the same optical fiber. WDM can transmit up to 32 wavelengths through a single fiber. Nowadays DWDM (Dense wavelength division multiplexing) is used.

13. Spatial Light Modulator SLM play an important role in several technical areas where the control of light on a pixel-by-pixel basis is a key element, such as optical processing and displays. For display purposes the desire is to have as many pixels as possible in as small and cheap a device as possible.

14. Optical Information Processing This article introduces some basic concepts of optical processing from the viewpoint of Fourier optics using - spatial filtering - holography as examples

15. Spatial Filtering Spatial Filtering is a process by which we can alter properties of an optical image. Uses:  To filter video data.  Removal of raster from a television picture or scanned image.

16. Optical Switches- SEED In electronics, the transistors act as logic gates that carry out the processing operations. The analogous component in optical processing is a switch. A switch that is sensitive to input light and gives optical output is the Self Electro-optic Effect Devices (SEEDs).

17. Optical Switches- SEED The schematic diagram of a SEED in a resistor biased circuit.

18. Optical Processor What is The work of it? It is composed by three plane.  Input plane  Processing plane  Output plane

19. Optical Transmission

20. Optical Encryption

21. Merits Optical computing is at least 1000 to 100000 times faster than today’s silicon machines. Optical storage will provide an extremely optimized way to store data, with space requirements far lesser than today’s silicon chips. No short circuits, light beam can cross each other without interfering with each other’s data. Higher performance Higher parallelism Less heat is released Less noise Less loss in communication

22. Drawbacks Today’s materials require much high power to work in consumer products, coming up with the right materials may take five years or more. Optical computing using a coherent source is simple to compute and understand, but it has many drawbacks like any imperfections or dust on the optical components will create unwanted interference pattern due to scattering effects. Optical components and their production is still expensive New expensive high-tech factories have to be built

23. Conclusion Research in optical computing has opened up new possibilities in several fields related to high performance computing, high-speed communications. To design algorithms that execute applications faster,the specific properties of optics must be considered, such as their ability to exploit massive parallelism, and global interconnections. As optoelectronic and smart pixel devices mature, software development will have a major impact in the future and the ground rules for the computing may have to be rewritten.

24. References [1]Feitelson, D., Optical Computing, The MIT Press, (1988). [2]Huang, A., “Architectural considerations involved in the design of an optical digital computer,” Proc. IEEE, 72, 780, (1984). [3]Schaefer, D. H. and J. P. Strong, III, “Tse Computers,” Proc. IEEE, 65, 129, (Jan. 1977). [4]P. Elias, “Optics and communication theory,” Journal of Optical Society ofAmerica, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 229–232, 1953 [5]P. Elias, D. S. Grey, and D. Z. Robinson, “Fourier treatment of optical processes,” Journal of Optical Society of America, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 127–132, 1952

25. References [6]P. Elias, D. S. Grey, and D. Z. Robinson, “Fourier treatment of optical processes,” Journal of Optical Society of America, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 127–132, 1952. [7]S. H. Lee, Optical Information Processing Fundamentals, Springer, Berlin, Germany, 1981.. [8]C. S. Weaver and J. W. Goodman, “A technique for optically convolving two functions,” Applied Optics, vol. 5, no. 7, pp. 1248– 1249, 1966. [9].M. J. Murdocca and T. Coolman, "Optical design of digital switch," Appl. Opt., Vol. 28, p 2505, 1989. [10].M. S. Alam, “Parallel optical computing using recoded trinary signed-digit numbers”, Appl. Opt. 33, 4392-4397 (1994). [11].S. D. Smith, A. C. Walker, F. A. P. Tooley and B. S. Wherrett, "The demonstration of restoring digital optical logic," Nature, Vol. 325, p 27, 1987.

26. References [12]Jahns, J. and M. J. Murdocca, “Crossover networks and their optical implementation,” Appl. Opt., 27, 3155, (August 1, 1988). [13]Craft, N. C. and M. E. Prise, “Optical systems tolerances for symmetric self-electrooptic effect devices in optical computers,” Optical Computing, Technical Digest Series 1989, (Optical Society of America, Washington, D. C.), 9, 334, (1989). [14]Smith, P.W. and Tomlinson, W.J. Bistable optical devices promise sub-picosecond switching. IEEE Spectrum 18 (1981), 26. [15].Abdeldayem, H., Frazier, D.O., Paley, M.S. An all-optical picosec¬ond switch in polydiacetylene. Applied Physics Letters 82 (Feb. 10, 2003), 1120. [16]Kim, S. et al. All-optical half adder using single mechanism of XGM in semiconductor optical amplifiers. SPIE 5628 (2005); spiedl.org. [17].Uzi Efrom, Spatial Light modulator technology, Mercell Dekker, 1994.

27. Thank you