1. MANIFEST DESTINY & EXPANSION American History I - Unit 7 Ms. Brown

2. Review What did Mexico use to attract American settlers to Texas? Land grants What 3 things did Americans in Mexican owned Texas promise to do? Practice Roman Catholicism, obey Mexican laws, and NO slavery Why did Austin and Santa Anna disagree? Austin wanted Texas to have more independence from Mexico, Santa Anna disagreed What is the name of the fort at which 187 Texans died during the Texas Revolution? The Alamo When Texas gained independence, it became its own nation called: The Republic of Texas (The Lone Start Republic) What is the term for the addition of Texas to the US? Annexation What was the major debate when deciding to annex Texas? Slavery: Yes or No

3. 7.4 – MEXICAN-AMERICAN WAR

4. Tensions between US and Mexico 1836 – Texas independence = The Republic of Texas 1844 – Polk becomes 11 th POTUS Expansionist (believed in Manifest Destiny) Pushed for Texas annexation “Polk the Purposeful” 1845 – Texas = 28 th US State Made Mexico furious with the US! Polk believed that war with Mexico might result in MORE land gains for the US (California, New Mexico)

5. Disputed Mexico-US Border Border as seen by Mexico (Nueces River) Border as seen by US (Rio Grande)

6. Slidell’s Rejection 1845 – Polk sent Spanish- speaking representative John Slidell to Mexico to try to… Purchase California and New Mexico Establish the Rio Grande as the US- Mexico border Mexican officials refused to meet with Slidell

7. Taylor Takes Troops to the Border Mexican officials refused to meet with Slidell  Polk sent General Zachary Taylor to the Rio Grande Polk hoped this would push Mexico into aggression and then Americans would support war Mexico viewed this as an invasion into their land

8. Sectional Attitudes Towards War NorthSouth Anti-war with Mexico Whigs and abolitionists saw the war as a plot to expand slavery into new territories Northern free states would lose power in Congress Pro-war with Mexico Wanted to extend slavery into new territories = more $ Southern and western slave states would have more power in Congress

9. The Mexican-American War Mexico fed up US expansion into its territories. General Zachary Taylor  Rio Grande River John C. Frémont  California 1846 - Mexican troops cross the Rio Grande and kill 11 US soldiers. Polk asks Congress to declare war on Mexico. “American blood upon American soil!” – Polk Wants Mexican lands… manifest destiny! May 13, 1846 – Congress declared war on Mexico

10. Kearny in New Mexico Polk sent Stephen Kearny to New Mexico. When Kearny arrived in NM, he was met by a group of upper-class Mexicans who wanted to join the US  NM was won without a single shot fired. Kearny and troops on to California next…

11. Republic of California By the 1840s, about 500 US settlers lived in California (Mexican land). Polk’s rejected offer to buy California caused US settlers and Frémont to rebel and declare independence from Mexico  Republic of California Raised a flag with a grizzly bear on it Kearny arrived and helped Frémont defeat Mexican troops in California.

12. The War in Mexico American troops won many victories fighting in Mexico. Mexican troops were dedicated to defending lands, but the leadership was poor. Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott (“Old Fuss and Feathers) won many battles US General Robert E. Lee and Capitan Ulysses S. Grant became the best American officers. Later will be head-to-head on opposite sides of the Civil War.

13. Santa Anna’s Return After (former Mexican dictator) Santa Anna was forced to give Texas their independence, he went into exile in Cuba. 1847 - Polk promised to sneak Santa Anna back into Mexico if he would end the war and give the US the land in NM and CA. Santa Anna broke the promise and resumed dictatorship of Mexico, took command of the presidency and attacked General Taylor’s troops. Taylor’s troops pushed very tired Mexican troops further into the interior of Mexico.

14. War Ends General Winfield Scott’s troops defeated Mexican troops at Veracruz, then captured Mexico City (Mexico’s capital). 1848 – Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Ended Mexican-American War Rio Grande = Texas/Mexico border $15 million for CA, NV, NM, UT, and parts of AZ, CO, and WY Mexicans living in these areas were guaranteed freedom of religion, property protections, and bilingual elections.

15. War Ends 1853 – Gadsden Purchase US bought a small section of land in AZ and NM from Mexico Established the current US/Mexico border

16. Election of 1848 Democrats – Lewis Cass (split about slavery) Free-soil Party – Martin Van Buren (anti-slavery in new lands) Whigs – Zachary Taylor (split about slavery) Zachary Taylor = 12 th POTUS War hero

17. California Gold Rush (1848-1850) 1848 – Gold discovered in California soil  rush of settlers to California “49’ers” – name for the settlers that traveled to California looking for gold in 1849 San Francisco grew and became a large port California became very diverse (Chinese, free blacks, Mexicans) 1850: CA became a state CA Constitution outlawed slavery