3. Click on a lesson name to select. Chapter 8 Cellular Energy Section 1: How Organisms Obtain Energy Section 2: Photosynthesis Section 3: Cellular Respiration

4. Transformation of Energy  Energy is the ability to do work. 8.1 How Organisms Obtain Energy Cellular Energy  Thermodynamics is the study of the flow and transformation of energy in the universe. Chapter 8

5. Q Describe the 1 st and 2 laws of thermodynamics in your own words: 1st Law: 2 nd Law:

6. Laws of Thermodynamics  First law —energy can be converted from one form to another, but it cannot be created nor destroyed. 8.1 How Organisms Obtain Energy Cellular Energy Chapter 8

7.  Second law —energy cannot be converted without the loss of usable energy.  (heat is most “useless” form of energy…all convertions of energy loose some as heat. Once energy is in heat form it can never be recovered…fate of the universe???!!! heat

8. Q Define Autotroph and heterotroph and give an example of each: a.Autotroph:ex. a.Heterotroph:ex.

9. Autotrophs and Heterotrophs  Autotrophs are organisms that make their own food. 8.1 How Organisms Obtain Energy Cellular Energy  Heterotrophs are organisms that need to ingest food to obtain energy. Chapter 8

10. Metabolism  All of the chemical reactions in a cell 8.1 How Organisms Obtain Energy Cellular Energy  Photosynthesis—light energy from the Sun is converted to chemical energy for use by the cell  Cellular respiration—organic molecules are broken down to release energy for use by the cell Chapter 8

11. Q Write out the overall reaction for photosynthesis (indicate reactants and products): Q Write out the overall reaction for cellular respiration (indicate reactants and products):

12. Photosynthesis overview reaction: Respiration overview reaction: Products Reactants Products

13. ATP: The Unit of Cellular Energy  ATP releases energy when the bond between the second and third phosphate groups is broken, forming a molecule called adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and a free phosphate group. 8.1 How Organisms Obtain Energy Cellular Energy Chapter 8

14. Q Illustrate in a sketch how ADP + P + energy becomes the energy storage molecule ATP

16. ATP Video

17. ATP / ADP + P

18. Q Describe 2 examples of things ATP does in our cells

19. Ex’s of things ATP does: -Used for building large macromolecules (ex linking Amino acids together to builds protein requires ATP) -Active transport (pumping glucose into cells) -Making muscle cells contract -

20. Mr Kujath’s favorite tree

21. Overview of Photosynthesis  Photosynthesis occurs in two phases. Cellular Energy  Light-dependent reactions  Light-independent reactions 8.2 Photosynthesis Chapter 8

22. Plants and other autotrophs are the producers of the biosphere Photosynthesis nourishes almost all of the living world directly or indirectly. –All organisms require organic compounds for energy and for carbon skeletons. Autotrophs produce their organic molecules from CO 2 and other inorganic raw materials obtained from the environment. –Autotrophs are the ultimate sure of organic compounds for all nonautotrophic organisms. –Autotrophs are the producers of the biosphere.

23. Photosynthesis is two processes, each with multiple stages. (the “point” of each is…) 1. The light reactions convert solar energy to chemical energy. (Makes: ATP + NADPH) 2. The Calvin cycle takes CO 2 from the atmosphere, adds chemical energy from light reactions (ATP and NADPH) and turns it into sugar. (Makes: Sugar) - ATP and NADPH are short term en., G is long

25. Phase One: Light Reactions  The absorption of light is the first step in photosynthesis. Cellular Energy  Chloroplasts capture light energy. 8.2 Photosynthesis Chapter 8

26. Light, like other form of electromagnetic energy, travels in rhythmic waves. The distance between crests of electromagnetic waves is called the wavelength. –Wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation range from less than a nanometer (gamma rays) to over a kilometer (radio waves). Light Energy Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

27. Q Put these forms of energy in order from most energetic/ shortest wavelength to least energetic / longest wavelength(UV, Gamma, Visible, Radio, Xray, Infrared, Microwaves):

28. The entire range of electromagnetic radiation is the electromagnetic spectrum. The most important segment for life is a narrow band between 380 to 750 nm, visible light.

29. Q Why do leaves on trees turn orange/ red/ yellow in fall? What is the point of these pigments?

30. The light reaction can perform work with those wavelengths of light that are absorbed. Chlorophyll, and other pigments absorb light Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Plants catch red and blue light. (green, yellow bounce off)

31. ChlorophyllAccessory pigments Why do leaves turn orange / yellow in fall?

32. Electron Transport  Light energy excites electrons in photosystem II and also causes a water molecule to split, releasing an electron into the electron transport system, H + into the thylakoid space, and O 2 as a waste product. Cellular Energy 8.2 Photosynthesis Chapter 8

33. Q Describe the purpose (or “point”) of the light reactions of photosynthesis:

34. Input of Light Rxns = H20 + ADP + NADP + Output of Light Rxns = ATP + NADPH + O2

35. What is NADPH? During light reaction electrons are energized with photons of light The electrons will be used to generate ATP and to make sugar NADP + is the empty “shuttle bus” that carries high energy electrons for use in making sugar and ATP 1. NADP + + Electon = NAD 2. NADP + Electron = NAD - 3. NADP - + H + = NADH NADPH = 2 electrons being carried NADPH = e-e- e-e-

36. Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The light reactions use the solar power of photons absorbed by both photosystem I and photosystem II to create ATP and NADPH.

37. Q Describe the purpose (or “point”) of the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis:

38. Cellular Energy 8.2 Photosynthesis Phase Two: The Calvin Cycle  In the second phase of photosynthesis, called the Calvin cycle, energy is stored in organic molecules such as glucose. Chapter 8

39. Cellular Energy 8.2 Photosynthesis  Six CO 2 molecules combine with six 5-carbon compounds to form twelve 3-carbon molecules called 3-PGA.  The chemical energy stored in ATP and NADPH is transferred to the 3-PGA molecules to form high-energy molecules called G3P. Chapter 8

40. Q What is NADPH? Q What does Rubisco do?

41. Cellular Energy 8.2 Photosynthesis  Two G3P molecules leave the cycle to be used for the production of glucose and other organic compounds.  An enzyme called rubisco converts the remaining ten G3P molecules into 5-carbon molecules called RuBP.  These molecules combine with new carbon dioxide molecules to continue the cycle. Chapter 8

42. Output of Calvin cycle is: -G3P -ADP -NADP + Input of Calvin cycle is: -NADPH - ATP -CO2

43. Q Draw the overview diagram of photosynthesis showing all inputs (CO2, light, H2O, NADPH, NADP+, ATP, ADP) and outputs (Sugar, O2, ATP, ADP, NADPH, NADP+) of the light reactions and the Calvin Cycle together:

45. Rf value = Is the distance travelled by the pigment band divided by distance travelled by the solvent front in chromatography. How many pigments are in: A.Spinach? B.Parsley? Are any of these pigments the same ones? (find Rf for all pigments and compare)

47. Overview of Cellular Respiration  Organisms obtain energy in a process called cellular respiration. 8.3 Cellular Respiration Cellular Energy  The equation for cellular respiration is the opposite of the equation for photosynthesis. Chapter 8

48. 1. Energy caught. Chloroplasts capture light energy and place it into organic molecules (sugar) to store energy 2. Energy released. If Oxygen present: Respiration in mitochondria If No oxygen present; Fermentation in cytoplasm 3. Energy used. Some of the released energy is used to do work (make ATP) and the rest is dissipated as heat.

49. 8.3 Cellular Respiration Cellular Energy  Cellular respiration occurs in three main parts.  Glycolysis  Krebs cycle  Electron transport Chapter 8

52. Mitochondria Glycolysis Krebs cycle Electron transport 1 2 3

53. Q Explain the purpose (“point”) of Glycolysis: What is most important product?

54. Glycolysis  Glucose is broken down in the cytoplasm through the process of glycolysis. 8.3 Cellular Respiration Cellular Energy  Two molecules of ATP and two molecules of NADH are formed for each molecule of glucose that is broken down. Chapter 8

55. No CO 2 is produced during glycolysis. ***Glycolysis occurs whether O 2 is present or not***. Glycolysis is occurring in the cytoplasm Important output of Glycolysis: – ATP & NADH & 2Pyruvate per glucose

56. What is NADH? During glycolysis electrons are removed from food The electrons will be used to generate a lot of ATP in phase #3 “Electron Tranport” NAD + is the “shuttle bus” that carries electrons that are removed during glycolysis (step 1) to the electron transport chain (step 3) 1. NAD + + Electon = NAD 2. NAD + Electron = NAD - 3. NAD - + H + = NADH NADH = 2 electrons being carried NADH = e-e- e-e-

57. What is the most important product of glycolysis? A.oxygen B.carbon dioxide C.NADH D.ADP

58. Q Explain the purpose (“point”) of Krebs cycle: What is most important prod?

59. Krebs Cycle  Glycolysis has a net result of two ATP and two pyruvate. 8.3 Cellular Respiration Cellular Energy  Most of the energy from the glucose is still contained in the pyruvate.  The series of reactions in which pyruvate is broken down into carbon dioxide is called the Krebs cycle. Chapter 8

60. 8.3 Cellular Respiration Cellular Energy  The net yield from the Krebs cycle is six CO 2 molecules, two ATP, eight NADH, and two FADH 2. Chapter 8

61. The Krebs cycle consists of eight steps. Each cycle produces: - one ATP - three NADH, - one FADH2 (another electron carrier) 2 nd C gone Final C gone

62. The conversion of pyruvate and the Krebs cycle produces large quantities of electron carriers. **The whole point of Krebs cycle is to grab these high energy e-’s (ie make NADH & FADH2) **

63. If you go on a diet –where does the fat go? How does the fat molecules specifically leave your body?

64. Q What is NADH?

65. NADH = “fancy” shuttle for high energy electrons FADH 2 = “not fancy” shuttle for lesser energy electrons

66. What is the point of Kreb’s cycle? A.To make ATP B.To make CO2 C.To make O2 D.To make NADH and FADH2

67. Q Explain the purpose (“point”) of Electron transport: What is most imp prod?

68. 8.3 Cellular Respiration Cellular Energy Electron Transport  Final step in the breakdown of glucose  Point at which most ATP is produced  Produces 24 ATP  The vast majority of the ATP a cell makes, comes from the energy in the electrons carried by NADH (and FADH 2 ). Chapter 8

69. Why do you need to breathe specifically…?

70. Electrons carried by NADH are transferred to the first molecule in the electron transport chain,. –The electrons are passed along the chain. As they move down the chain they lose energy (The electrons carried by FADH 2 have lower free energy and are added to a later point in the chain) This is why we need to breathe? Low energy “worthless” electrons High energy electrons What a let down!

71. Purpose of the e- transport chain? A H+ (proton) concentration gradient is produced by the movement of electrons along the electron transport chain. Several chain molecules can use the energy from the flow of electrons down the chain to pump H + from the matrix to the intermembrane space. This concentration of H + is a form of stored energy.

72. H+’s being pumped out of mito

73. Q How is ATP actually / directly made in mitochondria and chloroplasts?

74. ATP synthase, in the mito membrane, actually makes ATP from ADP and P i. ATP synthase uses the energy of the flowing H+’s to power ATP synthesis. Outer Mito Memb. The ATP synthase molecules are the only place that will allow H+ to diffuse back to the matrix.

75. Q Draw the overview diagram showing inputs and out puts of the three stages of respiration (things to include on drawing: 3 steps of resp, glucose, NAD+, ADP, Pyruvate, ATP NADH, CO2, O2, H2O)

76. 38 ATPs max. per 1 glucose through respiration

77. How efficient is respiration in generating ATP? = 40% of food energy becomes ATP. –The other approximately 60% is lost as heat. Cellular respiration is remarkably efficient in energy conversion. 40% on Bio test = bad news 40% efficiency capturing energy = great work!

78. Done resp

79. Fermentation In the home and in industry, microbes are used in the production of fermented foods. Yeast's are used in the manufacture of beer and wine and for the leavening of breads, while lactic acid bacteria are used to make yogurt, cheese, sour cream, buttermilk and other fermented milk products. Vinegars are produced by bacterial acetic acid fermentation. Other fermented foods include soy sauce, sauerkraut, dill pickles, olives, salami, cocoa and black teas

80. 1. Energy caught. Chloroplasts capture light energy and place it into organic molecules (sugar) to store energy 2. Energy released. If Oxygen present: Respiration in mitochondria If No oxygen present; Fermentation in cytoplasm 3. Energy used. Some of the released energy is used to do work (with ATP) and the rest is dissipated as heat. Energy is captured by photosynthesis, and released by respiration …or FERMENTATION!!

81. Q What is the difference between aerobic respiration and anaerobic fermentation?

82. Two types of processes for getting ATP out of fuel: Aerobic: Getting (a lot ) energy out of food molecules with Oxygen –Respiration does this Anaerobic: Getting ( a little) energy out of food molecules without oxygen –Fermentation does this

83. Respiration overview Respiration involves glycolysis. Glycolysis “pretty much” is fermentation Glycolysis is related to fermentation

84. During glycolysis, glucose, a six carbon- sugar, is split into two, three-carbon sugars. 6C 3C + 3C called pyruvate Glycolysis

85. If no O2…need to do something with Pyruvate and the NADH that is accumulating Glucose 2 Pyruvate + 2ATP The process can continue ***as long as there is a supply of NAD + to accept electrons***. NAD+NADH 2 e-

86. Q Write out the reaction for alcohol fermentation:

88. Q Under what conditions would an organism use fermentation?

89. Fermentation: Anaerobic (No O2) use of sugars for energy. –If the NAD + pool is exhausted, glycolysis shuts down. –Under aerobic conditions, NADH transfers its electrons to the electron transfer chain, recycling NAD +. We need to find another way to free up NAD + under anaerobic conditions Under anaerobic conditions organisms recycle NAD + by transferring electrons from NADH to Pyruvate

90. Q Why do yeast make ethanol (alcohol) during fermentation? (What is the purpose of the step that creates ethanol?)

91. In alcohol fermentation, pyruvate is converted to ethanol in two steps. –First, pyruvate is converted to a two-carbon compound, acetaldehyde by the removal of CO 2. –Second, acetaldehyde is reduced by NAD to ethanol. –Alcohol fermentation by yeast is used in brewing and winemaking.

92. During lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form lactate (ionized form of lactic acid). –Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt. –Your muscle cells switch from aerobic respiration to lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O 2 is scarce. The waste product, lactate, causes muscle fatigue/pain. (ultimately it is converted back to pyruvate in the liver)

94. Al-Corn Plant “Inner workings Drawing” Steps to making alcohol for fuel 1.Grind corn into flour 2.Add water and enzymes and heat (to convert starch to simple sugar) 3.Put sugar and yeast cells into an airtight chamber (where ferm happens) 4.Distill alcohol out of mixture. (Heat mixture of alcohol and corn. Alcohol evaporates first at a lower temp, run steam through cooler and collect the drops of ethanol)

95. Calories

96. Q Define a calorie

97. Food Calorie definition: 1 science calorie (cal) is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of water by 1 °C 1 Food Calorie = 1000 science calories 1 F.C. = amt heat needed to raise 1kg H2O 1 degree One Twinkie has the energy to heat one ml of water from 0 degrees to 150000 degrees

98. Recommended calories per day Average Adult Females = ~1950 calories per day (teenage females need ~2300) Average Adult Males = ~2500 calories per day (teenage males need ~2800)

99. Q What is a basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

100. Basal Metabolic Rate -the number of calories your body burns at rest to maintain normal body functions. -If you just laid on your back all day without moving you would need this many calories to stay alive (heart, breathing, body temp, making enzymes, cells etc). -BMR Adult Females = ~1500 cal --BMR Adult Males = ~2000 cal

101. Q Describe the most effective method of dieting:

102. Weight Gain / Weight Loss This is like banking….if you put more money in than you spend you will grow your account balance If you take out more than you put in, it will shrink If you take in more calories than you burn you will gain weight (fat) If you burn more than you eat you will loose weight

103. As far as weight loss/ gain goes it doesn’t matter what you are eating, just how many calories there are in your food. Ex. Sue Jones, 26 yr old runner Burned cal’sConsumed Cal BMR = 15002000 cal of butter (2.5 sticks) Activity = 750 cal =2250 total burned ==================================== She would loose 250 calories of body fat this day

104. Q If you burn 500 calories / day in excess of what you are consuming, how long will it take you to lose 1 pound of fat? (show work, 1 lb fat =3500Cal)

105. 1 pound of body fat = 3500 cal How long to loose 10 pounds if a man eats 2000 cal/ day but burns 2500? ….each day = 500 cal deficit ….10lb X 3500cal = 35000 cal to loose ….35000 / 500 = 70 days

106. How do you determine how many calories are in a food item? Answer = burn it! (and catch the heat with water)

107. Calorimeter Lab: What are the calories per gram for each: Cheeto, and a Peanut? 1. Build Calorimeter 2. Test each food: a. Get 100ml fresh water each trial and record starting temp. (use fresh water each trial) b. Record mass of food item initial c. Put food item on food holder and ignite d. Record highest water temp reached e. Record final mass of food f. Find change in mass (that is mass of food burned) g. Calculate calories per gram Mass water in g X Temp change= Total Cal Total Cal divided by mass of food burned =Cal/gm 3. Make a bar graph of Cal/gm vs food item for data section

108. 8.3 Cellular Respiration Cellular Energy Anaerobic Respiration  The anaerobic pathway that follows glycolysis  Two main types  Lactic acid fermentation  Alcohol fermentation Cellular Respiration Chapter 8

109. Cellular Energy Chapter Resource Menu Chapter Diagnostic Questions Formative Test Questions Chapter Assessment Questions Standardized Test Practice biologygmh.com Glencoe Biology Transparencies Image Bank Vocabulary Animation Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding lesson. Chapter 8

110. A. Energy cannot be converted or destroyed. B. Energy can be converted and destroyed. C. Energy can be converted but not destroyed. D. Energy can be destroyed but not converted. Which statement describes the law of conservation of energy? Cellular Energy Chapter Diagnostic Questions Chapter 8

111. A. photosynthesis B. cellular respiration C. homeostasis D. fermentation In which metabolic process are molecules broken down to produce carbon dioxide and water? Cellular Energy Chapter Diagnostic Questions Chapter 8

112. A. NADPH B. ATP C. chloroplast D. glucose At the end of the Calvin cycle, where is energy stored? Cellular Energy Chapter Diagnostic Questions Chapter 8

113. Which law of thermodynamics explains why the ladybug receives the least amount of usable energy? Cellular Energy 8.1 Formative Questions Chapter 8

114. A. the first law of thermodynamics B. the second law of thermodynamics Cellular Energy 8.1 Formative Questions Chapter 8

115. True or False All of the energy from the food you eat comes from the sun. Cellular Energy 8.1 Formative Questions Chapter 8

116. Why is cellular respiration a catabolic pathway? Cellular Energy 8.1 Formative Questions A. Energy is used to form glucose and oxygen. B. Energy is converted from water to carbon dioxide. C. Energy that is lost is converted to thermal energy. D. Energy is released by the breakdown of molecules. Chapter 8

117. A. It captures light energy from the sun. B. It is produced in anabolic pathways. C. It stores and releases chemical energy. Why is adenosine triphosphate (ATP) such an important biological molecule? Cellular Energy 8.1 Formative Questions D. It converts mechanical energy to thermal energy. Chapter 8

118. A. chloroplasts B. Golgi apparatus C. mitochondria D. vacuoles Where in the plant cell does photosynthesis take place? Cellular Energy 8.2 Formative Questions Chapter 8

119. A. 400-500 nm B. 500-600 nm C. 600-700 nm Which range of wavelengths is reflected by chlorophylls a and b? Cellular Energy 8.2 Formative Questions Chapter 8

120. A. absorption B. chemiosmosis C. electron transport D. C 2 pathway Which mechanism of photosynthesis uses the movement of hydrogen ions (H + ) across a concentration gradient to synthesize ATP? Cellular Energy 8.2 Formative Questions Chapter 8

121. A. They accelerate photosynthesis. B. They release more oxygen. C. They help the plant conserve water. D. They reduce the requirement for ATP. How are the C 4 pathway and the CAM pathway an adaptive strategy for some plants? Cellular Energy 8.2 Formative Questions Chapter 8

122. A. to make ATP B. to process H 2 O C. to store glucose D. to deliver oxygen What is the overall purpose of cellular respiration? Cellular Energy 8.3 Formative Questions Chapter 8

123. Which represents the general sequence of cellular respiration? Cellular Energy A. TCA cycle chemiosmosis glycolysis B. glycolysis Krebs cycle electron transport fermentation D. aerobic pathway anaerobic pathway 8.3 Formative Questions C. electron absorption catalysis phosphorylation Chapter 8

124. A. glycolysis B. Krebs cycle C. electron transport Which stage of cellular respiration is the anaerobic process? Cellular Energy 8.3 Formative Questions Chapter 8

125. A. CoA B. CO 2 C. FADH 2 D. NADH Which molecule generated by the Krebs cycle is a waste product? Cellular Energy 8.3 Formative Questions Chapter 8

126. Look at the following figure. Which part of the chloroplast is a sac-like membrane arranged in stacks? Cellular Energy A. grana B. stroma C. thylakoids D. Golgi apparatus Chapter Assessment Questions Chapter 8

127. During the Krebs cycle, pyruvate is broken down into what compound? Cellular Energy A. H 2 O B. O 2 C. CO D. CO 2 Chapter Assessment Questions Chapter 8

128. Look at the following figure. Which molecule is released when ATP becomes ADP? Cellular Energy A. phosphate group B. water molecule C. ribose sugar D. energy cells Chapter Assessment Questions Chapter 8

129. Which metabolic process is photosynthesis? Cellular Energy Standardized Test Practice Chapter 8 A B

130. At the beginning of photosynthesis, which molecule is split to produce oxygen (O 2 ) as a waste product? Cellular Energy A. CO 2 B. H 2 O C. C 6 H 12 O 6 D. 3-PGA Standardized Test Practice Chapter 8

131. Which molecule helps provide the energy that drives this cycle? Cellular Energy A. 3-PGA B. CO 2 C. NADPH D. rubisco Standardized Test Practice Chapter 8

132. Which product of the Calvin cycle is used for the production of glucose and other organic compounds? Cellular Energy A. ADP B. CO 2 C. G3P D. NADP + Standardized Test Practice Chapter 8

133. What is the final step of cellular respiration? Cellular Energy A. O 2 and H + form H 2 O. B. Electrons and H 2 O generate ATP. C. C 6 H 12 O6 is broken down into CO 2. D. NADH and FADH 2 gain electrons. Standardized Test Practice Chapter 8

134. What prevents pyruvate from entering the Krebs cycle and instead results in this pathway? Cellular Energy A. a buildup of CO 2 B. a lack of oxygen Standardized Test Practice Chapter 8 C. an excess of glucose D. an increased demand for ATP

135. Which is not a process that occurs in both cellular respiration and glycolysis? Cellular Energy A. chemiosmosis B. electron transport C. glycolysis D. production of G3P Standardized Test Practice Chapter 8

136. Cellular Energy Glencoe Biology Transparencies Chapter 8

137. Cellular Energy Image Bank Chapter 8

138. energy thermodynamics metabolism Photosynthesis cellular respiration adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Cellular Energy Chapter 8 Vocabulary Section 1

139. thylakoid granum stroma pigment NADP + Calvin cycle rubisco Cellular Energy Chapter 8 Vocabulary Section 2

140. anaerobic process aerobic respiration aerobic process glycolysis Krebs cycle fermentation Cellular Energy Chapter 8 Vocabulary Section 3

141. Cellular Energy  Visualizing Electron Transport Visualizing Electron Transport Animation Chapter 8