2. Thanks to: A. Short, Machine Protection Panel, R. Schmidt, B. Puccio, M. Zerlauth and many more… 1v1

3. CERN benjamin.todd@cern.ch Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University benjamin.todd@cern.ch CERN Why are we here? 1999-2003: Bachelor of Engineering (1 st, Honours, Sandwich) Electrical and Electronic Engineering University of Sunderland 2004-2006: Ph.D Electronic Safety Systems in Particle Accelerator Controls Brunel University 2001: CERN Technical Student 2004-2006: CERN Doctoral Student System & Hardware Development of Mission-Critical Protection Systems Understanding from system level down to hardware implementation CERN has many opportunities! We are a centre of engineering excellence http://www.cern.ch/jobs …a flavour of what you can get involved in… 2007-date: CERN Staff Engineer

4. CERN benjamin.todd@cern.ch Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University About CERN Founded in 1954 Funded by the European Union 20 Member States 8 Observer States and Organisations 35 Non-Member States …Japan, Russia, USA… 580 Institutes World Wide 2500 Staff 8000 Visiting Scientists …Australia, Canada, New Zealand… …most of the EU… European Centre for Nuclear Research Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire Pure Science – Particle Physics 1.Pushing the boundaries of research, physics beyond the standard model. 2.Advancing frontiers of technology. 3.Forming collaborations through science 4.Educating the scientists and engineers of tomorrow [1]

5. CERN benjamin.todd@cern.ch Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University CERN benjamin.todd@cern.ch Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University 5 We use the world’s largest and most complex scientific instruments to study the basic constituents of matter. These instruments are particle accelerators and detectors. Accelerators boost beams of particles to high energies before they are made to collide with each other or with stationary targets. Detectors observe and record the results of these collisions. Our flag-ship project is the Large Hadron Collider…

6. CERN benjamin.todd@cern.ch Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University CERN 6 CERN, the LHC and Machine Protection 6 of 23 CERN CERN Accelerator Complex [2]

7. CERN benjamin.todd@cern.ch Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University CERN CERN, the LHC and Machine Protection CERN 7 of 23 CERN Accelerator Complex Lake Geneva Geneva Airport CERN LAB 1 (Switzerland) CERN LAB 2 (France)

8. CERN benjamin.todd@cern.ch Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University CERN CERN, the LHC and Machine Protection CERN 8 of 23 CERN Accelerator Complex Lake Geneva Geneva Airport CERN LAB 1 (Switzerland) CERN LAB 2 (France) Proton Synchrotron (PS) Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) Large Hadron Collider (LHC)

9. CERN benjamin.todd@cern.ch Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University CERN CERN, the LHC and Machine Protection CERN 9 of 23 CERN Accelerator Complex Lake Geneva Geneva Airport CERN LAB 1 (Switzerland) CERN LAB 2 (France) Proton Synchrotron (PS) Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) Large Hadron Collider (LHC)

10. CERN benjamin.todd@cern.ch Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University CERN CERN, the LHC and Machine Protection CERN 10 of 23 CERN Accelerator Complex Large Hadron Collider (LHC) Beam-1 Transfer Line (TI2) Beam-2 Transfer Line (TI8) CERN Neutrinos to Gran-Sasso (CNGS) Beam Dumping Systems ~ 9 km ~ 5.5 miles Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) 150m underground, 100us for one turn, 1e12 protons / injection

11. CERN benjamin.todd@cern.ch Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University CERN, the LHC and Machine Protection 11 of 49 CERN CERN Accelerator Complex CMS ALICE ATLAS LHC-b

12. CERN benjamin.todd@cern.ch Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University CERN benjamin.todd@cern.ch Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University LHC Experiments CMS ALICE ATLAS LHC-b 12

13. CERN benjamin.todd@cern.ch Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University LHC Experiments 13 Four big experiments in the LHC, designed to answer these fundamental questions Mass - Higgs Boson Why is Gravity so weak? Standard Model? Dark Matter / Dark Energy 96% of Mass is not accounted for… Weakly Interacting Massive Particles? (WIMPs) String Theory / Super Symmetry / Super String Theory / A Theory of Everything One description – accounting for EVERYTHING? CMSALICEATLASLHC-b Collide two beams… - At High Energy = more massive particles possible - At High Intensity = more ‘events’ LHC Energy = 7 TeV LHC Beam Intensity = 3 x 10 14 p ~10 9 proton-proton collisions per second ATLAS – A Large Toroidal LHC Apparatus CMS – Compact Muon Solenoid ALICE – A Light Ion Collider Experiment LHC-b – LHC-beauty [3]

14. CERN benjamin.todd@cern.ch Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University ATLAS 14

15. CERN benjamin.todd@cern.ch Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University ATLAS 15 Installing the final part of ATLAS Time lapse video – several hours Aligned to within 5 microns (200th of a millimeter)

16. CERN benjamin.todd@cern.ch Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University Collisions 16 ~10 9 proton-proton collisions per second Massive amounts of data generated – all must be processed new particles are rare – only a few events per day [3]

17. CERN benjamin.todd@cern.ch Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University Investment 17 Construction of the LHC and experiments has required a considerable investment! (Material Costs only) LHC = 2923.7 MChf ATLAS = 449.5 MChf CMS = 459.0 MChf ALICE = 112.9 MChf LHC-b = 75.3 MChf CNGS = 71.0 MChf Total about 4100 MChf = 4000 M CAD = 3800 M USD = 1900 M GBP [5,6,7,8,9,10]

18. CERN benjamin.todd@cern.ch Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University CERN benjamin.todd@cern.ch Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University 18

19. CERN benjamin.todd@cern.ch Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University CERN 19 CERN, the LHC and Machine Protection 19 of 23 The Large Hadron Collider LHC super conducting dipole (Blue cryostat) 8.3 Tesla, 13 kA, 1.9K (-271 °C), Vacuum 27km (16.5 miles) = 1232 super conducting dipole magnets + others many normal conducting magnets 10000 in total, 98% SC [4]

20. CERN benjamin.todd@cern.ch Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University CERN 20 CERN, the LHC and Machine Protection 20 of 23 The Large Hadron Collider LHC super conducting dipole (Blue cryostat) 27km = 1232 super conducting dipole magnets + others many normal conducting magnets [4] Speeded Up – Some hours normally All 27kms Aligned to within 10’s of microns (100ths of a millimeter)

21. CERN benjamin.todd@cern.ch Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University CERN benjamin.todd@cern.ch Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University The Large Hadron Collider 21 … to get 7 TeV operation… LHC needs 8.3 Tesla dipole fields with circumference of 27 kms (16.5 miles) … to get 8.3 Tesla … LHC needs super-conducting magnets <2°K (-271°C) with an operational current of ~13kA cooled in super fluid helium maintained in a vacuum Stored energy in the magnet circuits is about 9GJ …To see the rarest events… LHC needs high luminosity of 10 34 [cm -2 s -1 ] Which gives a stored beam energy of 360 MJ per beam Overall consideration for machine protection: an accidental release of beam or magnet energy can lead to massive damage 1 ppm Collisions generate PetaBytes of data Per year two orders of magnitude higher than others A magnet will QUENCH with milliJoule deposited energy World’s largest machine 10x less pressure than on moon surface [11]

22. CERN benjamin.todd@cern.ch Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University Stored Magnetic Energy 22 Kinetic Energy of Aircraft Carrier at 50 km/h ≈ 9 GJoule

23. CERN benjamin.todd@cern.ch Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University Stored Beam Energy 23 E proton ≈ 1.1 x 10 -6 N p_bunch ≈ 1.15 x 10 11 N bunch ≈ 2808 Kinetic Energy of a 200m train at 155 km/h ≈ 360 MJoule

24. CERN benjamin.todd@cern.ch Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University Comparison of LHC with Others 24 powering is split into sub-sectors: - energy in each circuit manageable… (as other machines) -Allow for a staged commissioning [13]

25. CERN benjamin.todd@cern.ch Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University SPS experiment at 450 GeV 25 Controlled SPS experiment to qualify simulations At 450GeV … 8x10 12 protons causes damage beam size σ x/y = 1.1mm/0.6mm Plate 2mm thick 6 cm 8x10 12 6x10 12 4x10 12 2x10 12 0.1% LHC Full Beam Energy! Beam in LHC is 10x smaller!! [14]

26. CERN benjamin.todd@cern.ch Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University Disposing of the Energy 26 CERN, the LHC and Machine Protection 26 of 23 1.Magnet Energy Powering Interlock Controllers + Quench Protection System Emergency Discharge 2.Beam Energy Many Systems + Beam Interlock System + LHC Beam Dumping System Emergency Dump … during a 10 hour mission… …if anything goes wrong… 8m long absorber Graphite = 800°C Concrete Shielding Beam is ‘painted’ diameter 35cm

27. CERN benjamin.todd@cern.ch Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University Beam Related Machine Protection 27 …Injector chain : left to right… Beam becomes dangerous in SPS! Injection (450 GeV) … 0.0008% beam loss = QUENCH magnet … 0.5% beam loss = DAMAGE machine Collision (7 TeV) … 0.0000005% beam loss = QUENCH magnet … 0.005% beam loss = DAMAGE machine [15] PS = Proton-Synchrotron 1-25GeV SPS = Super-Proton-Synchrotron 25-450 GeV LHC = Large Hadron Collider 450-7000 GeV

28. CERN benjamin.todd@cern.ch Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University Machine Protection System 28 best failure detection time = 40 us = half turn

29. CERN benjamin.todd@cern.ch Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University Beam Interlock System Locations 29 Designed to protect CERN high energy accelerators = SPS / LHC / INJ / EXT

30. CERN benjamin.todd@cern.ch Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University Reaction Time 30

31. CERN benjamin.todd@cern.ch Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University Typical hardware 31 User Interface BIC (Front) BIC (Rear)

32. CERN benjamin.todd@cern.ch Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University What CERN is… 32 Safety Engineers Electronic Engineering Electrical Engineering Environmental Factors Power Systems Cooling & Ventilation Radio Frequency Design Mechanical Design Materials Sciences Technicians Students Project Management Administration Information Technology Human Resources Theoretical Physics Software Engineers Vacuum Engineering Radiological Scientists Nobel Prize Winners

33. CERN benjamin.todd@cern.ch Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University benjamin.todd@cern.ch 33 Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University CERN Fin Thank you very much for your attention! http://www.cern.ch/jobs 33 We have GREAT projects at CERN

34. CERN benjamin.todd@cern.ch Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University References / Acknowledgements [1] CERN’s mission statement http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/About/Mission-en.html [2] Aerial view of CERN http://cdsweb.cern.ch/record/39026 [3] LHC Machine Protection http://cern.ch/AccelConf/p07/PAPERS/TUZAC03.PDF [4] CERN photography http://cdsweb.cern.ch/http://cdsweb.cern.ch/ [5] CERN. LHC Cost and Schedule Review Committee Report, 15 December 2003. http://user.web.cern.ch/user/LHCCost/2003-12-15/CostScheduleReview2.pdf [6] CERN. ATLAS Technical Proposal for a General-Purpose pp Experiment at the LHC at CERN, 15 December 1994. http://atlas.web.cern.ch/Atlas/TP/NEW/HTML/tp9new/tp9.html [7] CERN. CMS Technical Proposal. [8] CERN. ALICE Technical Proposal for A Large Ion Collider Experiment at the CERN LHC, 15 December 1995. http://doc.cern.ch//archive/electronic/other/generic/public/cer-000214817.pdf [9] CERN. Status of the LHCb Experiment, 30 September 2005. http://lhcb-doc.web.cern.ch/lhcb-doc/progress/Source/RRB/October_2005/RRB_status.pdf [10] CERN. CERN AC Note 2000/03: General description of the CNGS Project, 2000. http://proj-cngs.web.cern.ch/proj-cngs/GeneralDescriptionVe/GDVe_p03.htm [11] CERN, LHC FAQ http://cdsweb.cern.ch/record/1092437/files/CERN-Brochure-2008-001-Eng.pdf 34

35. CERN benjamin.todd@cern.ch Opportunities at CERN – Sunderland University References / Acknowledgements [12] CERN - Scientific Information Service - Archive. Chronologie du CERN, 2005. http://library.cern.ch/archives/chrono/chrono_2002_cern.php [13] R. Assmann and other. requirements for the LHC collimation system. In Proceedings from EPAC’02, La Vilette, Paris, France, 3-7 June 2002. adapted from http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/AccelConf/e02/PAPERS/TUAGB001.pdf [14] V. Kain et al. Material damage test with 450 gev LHC-type beam. In Proceedings from PAC’05, Knoxville, TN, USA, 16-20 May 2005. http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/AccelConf/p05/PAPERS/RPPE018.PDF [15] R. Schmidt and J. Wenninger. Protection against accidental beam losses at the LHC. In Proceedings from PAC’05, Knoxville, TN, USA, 16-20 May 2005. http://epaper.kek.jp/p05/PAPERS/MOPA005.PDF [16] Lord Kitchener Wiki site. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/be/YourCountryNeedsYou.jpg 35