1. Lecture Presentation by Lee Ann Frederick University of Texas at Arlington Chapter 1 An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

2. An Introduction to Studying the Human Body Learning Outcomes 1-1 Explain the importance of studying anatomy and physiology. 1-2 Define anatomy and physiology, describe the origins of anatomical and physiological terms, and explain the significance of Terminologia Anatomica (International Anatomical Terminology). 1-3 Explain the relationship between anatomy and physiology, and describe various specialties of each discipline. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

3. An Introduction to Studying the Human Body Learning Outcomes 1-4 Identify the major levels of organization in organisms, from the simplest to the most complex, and identify major components of each organ system. 1-5Explain the concept of homeostasis. 1-6Describe how negative feedback and positive feedback are involved in homeostatic regulation, and explain the significance of homeostasis. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

4. An Introduction to Studying the Human Body Learning Outcomes 1-7Use anatomical terms to describe body regions, body sections, and relative positions. 1-8 Identify the major body cavities and their subdivisions, and describe the functions of each. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

5. An Introduction to Studying the Human Body Classification of Living Things Humans and many other animals are vertebrates Characterized by a segmented vertebral column Common characteristics suggest the same path in evolution Homeostasis The goal of physiological regulation and the key to survival in a changing environment © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

6. 1-1 Anatomy and Physiology Directly Affect Your Life Anatomy Is the study of body structures Oldest medical science: 1600 BCE Physiology Is the study of function Biochemistry Biology Chemistry Genetics © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

7. 1-2 Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy: Is the study of body structures Describes the structures of the body What they are made of Where they are located Associated structures Physiology: Is the study of function Functions of anatomical structures Individual and cooperative functions The structure determines the function for most parts; the outermost cell layer of a tissue determines the main function of the tissue (Skin). © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

8. 1-3 Relationships between Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy Gross anatomy, or macroscopic anatomy, examines large, visible structures Surface anatomy: exterior features Regional anatomy: body areas Systemic anatomy: organ systems Radiographic anatomy Clinical anatomy: medical specialties Developmental anatomy: from conception to death © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

9. 1-3 Relationships between Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy Microscopic anatomy examines cells and molecules Cytology: study of cells and their structures cyt- = cell Histology: study of tissues and their structures © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 1-3 Relationships between Anatomy and Physiology Physiology Cell physiology: processes within and between cells Organ physiology: functions of specific organs Systemic physiology: functions of an organ system Pathological physiology: effects of diseases © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

11. 1-4 Levels of Organization The Chemical (or Molecular) Level Atoms are the smallest chemical units Molecules are a group of atoms working together The Cellular Level Cells are a group of atoms, molecules, and organelles working together The Tissue Level A tissue is a group of similar cells working together The Organ Level An organ is a group of different tissues working together © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

12. 1-4 Levels of Organization The Organ System Level An organ system is a group of organs working together Humans have 11 organ systems The Organism Level A human is an organism © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

13. Figure 1-1 Levels of Organization (Part 1 of 4). Atoms in combination Complex protein molecule Protein filaments Chemical Level Cellular Level Heart muscle cell

14. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1-1 Levels of Organization (Part 2 of 4). Cardiac muscle tissue Tissue Level Organ Level Organ system level Organism level The heart The cardiovascular system

15. 1-4 Levels of Organization The Organ Systems Integumentary Major Organs Skin Hair Sweat glands Nails Functions Protects against environmental hazards Helps regulate body temperature Provides sensory information © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

16. 1-4 Levels of Organization The Organ Systems Skeletal Major Organs Bones Cartilages Associated ligaments Bone marrow Functions Provides support and protection for other tissues Stores calcium and other minerals Houses the tissue that forms blood cells © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

17. 1-4 Levels of Organization The Organ Systems Muscular Major Organs Skeletal muscles and associated tendons Functions Initiates movement Provides protection and support for other tissues Generates heat that maintains body temperature © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

18. 1-4 Levels of Organization The Organ Systems Nervous Major Organs Brain Spinal cord Peripheral nerves Sense organs Functions Directs immediate responses to stimuli Coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems Provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

19. 1-4 Levels of Organization The Organ Systems Endocrine Major Organs Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Pancreas Adrenal glands Gonads Endocrine tissues in other systems Functions Directs long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems Adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body Controls many structural and functional changes during development © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

20. 1-4 Levels of Organization The Organ Systems Cardiovascular Major Organs Heart Blood Blood vessels Functions Distributes blood cells, water, and dissolved materials including nutrients, waste products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide Distributes heat and assists in control of body temperature © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

21. 1-4 Levels of Organization The Organ Systems Lymphatic Major Organs Spleen Thymus Lymphatic vessels Lymph nodes Tonsils Functions Defends against infection and disease Returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

22. 1-4 Levels of Organization The Organ Systems Respiratory Major Organs Nasal cavities Sinuses Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs Alveoli © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

23. 1-4 Levels of Organization The Organ Systems Respiratory Functions Delivers air to alveoli (sites in lungs where gas exchange occurs) Provides oxygen to bloodstream Removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream Produces sounds for communication © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

24. 1-4 Levels of Organization The Organ Systems Digestive Major Organs Teeth Tongue Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Liver Gallbladder Pancreas © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

25. 1-4 Levels of Organization The Organ Systems Digestive Functions Processes and digests food Absorbs and conserves water Absorbs nutrients Stores energy reserves © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

26. 1-4 Levels of Organization The Organ Systems Urinary Major Organs Kidneys Ureters Urinary bladder Urethra Functions Excretes waste products from the blood Controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced Stores urine prior to voluntary elimination Regulates blood ion concentrations and pH © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

27. 1-4 Levels of Organization The Organ Systems Male Reproductive Major Organs Testes Epididymides Ductus deferentia Seminal vesicles Prostate gland Penis Scrotum © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

28. 1-4 Levels of Organization The Organ Systems Male Reproductive Functions Produces male sex cells (sperm), seminal fluids, and hormones Sexual intercourse © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

29. 1-4 Levels of Organization The Organ Systems Female Reproductive Major Organs Ovaries Uterine tubes Uterus Vagina Labia Clitoris Mammary glands © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

30. 1-4 Levels of Organization The Organ Systems Female Reproductive Functions Produces female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones Supports developing embryo from conception to delivery Provides milk to nourish newborn infant Sexual intercourse © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

31. Characteristics of Living Human Organism  Basic Life Processes:  Distinguish living from non-living things  Six important life processes  Metabolism  Responsiveness  Movement  Growth  Differentiation  Reproduction © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

32. Metabolism and Responsiveness  Metabolism  Sum of all the chemical process that occur in the body  Catabolism or the breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components  Anabolism or the building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components  Responsiveness  Body’s ability to detect and respond to changes  Decrease in body temperature  Responding to sound  Nerve (electrical signals) and muscle cells (contracting)

33. Movement and Growth  Movement  Motion of the whole body  Organs, cells, and tiny sub-cellular structures  Leg muscles move the body from one place to another  Growth  Increase in body size  Due to an increase in existing cells, number of cells, or both  In bone growth materials between cells increase

34. Differentiation and Reproduction  Differentiation  Development of a cell from an unspecialized to specialized state  Cells have specialized structures and functions that differ from precursor cells  Stem cells give rise to cells that undergo differentiation  Reproduction  Formation of new cells (growth, repair, or replacement)  Production of a new individual

35. 1-5 Homeostasis © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.  Homeostasis: The ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world  The internal environment of the body is in a dynamic state of equilibrium  Chemical, thermal, and neural factors interact to maintain homeostasis.  Blood glucose levels range between 70 and 110 mg of glucose/dL of blood  Whole body contributes to maintain the internal environment within normal limits

36. Control of Homeostasis  Variables produce a change in the body  Physical insults  Intense heat or lack of oxygen  Changes in the internal environment  Drop in blood glucose due to lack of food  Physiological stress  Demands of work or school Disruptions  Mild and temporary (balance is quickly restored)  Intense and Prolonged (poisoning or severe infections)  Sever imbalance (Death without medical interference)

37. 1-5 Homeostasis Mechanisms of Regulation Autoregulation (intrinsic) Automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ to some environmental change Extrinsic regulation Responses controlled by nervous and endocrine systems © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

38. Feedback System  Cycle of events: body is monitored and re-monitored; each monitored variable is termed a controlled condition (mechanism)  Three basic components: Receptor Control Center Effector

39. Receptor  Receptor: body structure that monitors changes (detects stimuli) in a controlled condition.  Sends input to the control center. “Skin temperature receptors”

40. Control center  Brain  Sets the range of values to be maintained (Normal limits)  Evaluates input received from receptors and generates output command  Nerve impulses, hormones  Brain acts as a control center receiving nerve impulses from skin temperature receptors

41. Effector  Receives output from the control center  Produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition  Found in nearly every organ or tissue  When Body temperature drops (change=stimulus) the brain sends an impulse to the skeletal muscles to contract which results in shivering to generate heat.

42. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1-2 The Control of Room Temperature. RECEPTOR Thermometer Information affects Normal condition disturbed STIMULUS: Room temperature rises CONTROL CENTER (Thermostat) RESPONSE: Room temperature drops HOMEOSTASIS Normal room temperature Normal condition restored Sends commands to EFFECTOR Air conditioner turns on a 20  30  40  Air conditioner turns on Air conditioner turns off Set point Normal range Time 22 Room temperature (  C) b In response to input from a receptor (a thermometer), a thermostat (the control center) triggers an effector response (either an air conditioner or a heater) that restores normal temperature. In this case, when room tempera- ture rises above the set point, the thermostat turns on the air conditioner, and the temperature returns to normal. With this regulatory system, room temperature fluctuates around the set point, 22  C.

43. Homeostasis Interactions Animation Communication, Regulation and Homeostasis

44. 1-6 Negative and Positive Feedback © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.  Negative Feedback:  The response reverses (negates) a change in a controlled condition: Example: Regulation of blood pressure, body temperature  Positive Feedback systems  The response strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the body’s controlled conditions Body is moved away from homeostasis Normal range is lost Example: Normal child birth, blood clotting, Blood loss.

45. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1-3 Negative Feedback: Control of Body Temperature. RECEPTORS Temperature sensors in skin and hypothalamus Information affects Normal temperature disturbed STIMULUS: Body temperature rises CONTROL CENTER RESPONSE: Increased heat loss, body temperature drops HOMEOSTASIS Normal body temperature Normal temperature restored Sends commands to EFFECTORS Sweat glands in skin increase secretion Blood vessels in skin dilate a Vessels dilate, sweating increases Normal range Time Body temperature (  C) b Thermoregulatory center in brain Vessels constrict, sweating decreases 37.2 Events in the regulation of body temperature, which are comparable to those shown in Figure 1–2. A control center in the brain (the hypothalamus) functions as a thermostat with a set point of 37  C. If body temperature exceeds 37.2  C, heat loss is increased through enhanced blood flow to the skin and increased sweating. The thermoregulatory center keeps body temperature fluctuat- ing within an acceptable range, usually between 36.7  C and 37.2  C. 37 36.7 Set point

46. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Negative Feedback: Regulation of Blood Pressure  External or internal stimulus increase BP - Baroreceptors (pressure sensitive receptors)  Detect higher BP  Send nerve impulses to brain for interpretation  Response sent via nerve impulse sent to heart and blood vessels  BP drops and homeostasis is restored  Drop in BP negates the original stimulus

47. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Blood Pressure Regulation Interactions Animation Negative Feedback Control of Blood Pressure You must be connected to the internet to run this animation. Copyright C Wiley & Sons, INC

48. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Negative Feedback – Temperature Negative Feedback Control of Temperature You must be connected to the internet to run this animation. Copyright C Wiley & Sons, INC

49. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Positive Feedback Systems: Normal Childbirth  Uterine contractions cause vagina to open  Stretch-sensitive receptors in cervix send impulse to brain  Oxytocin (hormone) is released into the blood  Contractions enhanced and baby pushes farther down the uterus  Cycle continues to the birth of the baby (no stretching)

50. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Positive Feedback – Labor Interactions Animation Positive Feedback Control of Labor You must be connected to the internet to run this animation. Copyright C Wiley & Sons, INC

51. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1-4 Positive Feedback: Blood Clotting. Chemicals Blood clot Clotting accelerates Positive feedback loop Damaged cells in the blood vessel wall release chemi- cals that begin the clotting process. The chemicals start chain reactions in which cells, cell fragments, and soluble proteins in the blood begin to form a clot. As clotting continues, each step releases chemicals that further accelerate the process. This escalating process is a positive feedback loop that ends with the formation of a blood clot, which patches the vessel wall and stops the bleeding.

52. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Positive Feedback: Blood Loss  Normal conditions, heart pumps blood under pressure to body cells (oxygen and nutrients)  Severe blood loss  Blood pressure drops  Cells receive less oxygen and function less efficiently  If blood loss continues  Heart cells become weaker  Heart doesn’t pump  BP continues to fall

53. © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1-1 The Roles of Organ Systems in Homeostatic Regulation.