1. School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering 1 The Human-Machine Systems Engineering Process

2. School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering HMSE Design Guidance ● Requirements ● Principles from ● HF Textbook ● HF lectures ● HF handbooks ● HF checklists

3. School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering Displays

4. School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering Human-Machine System Displays Controls Other Subsystems Environment Human(s)

5. School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering 5 MD-11 Cockpit Copyright Harri Koskinen, used with permission, downloaded from http://www.airliners.net/open.file/463667/M/ 30 Jun 04

6. School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering 6 Classifying Displays ● Display physical properties/technologies ● mechanical ● electronic ● etc. ● Tasks they support ● status monitoring ● surveillance ● etc. ● Characteristics of human users ● level of expertise ● etc. ● Static/dynamic ● Sensory modality

7. School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering 7 Visual Displays 0 20 10 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 12345 OIL FUEL Circular Analog Linear Analog Annunciators Digital 0 10 20 30 40 50

8. School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering 8 Thirteen Principles of Display Design ● Perceptual Principles ● Mental Model Principles ● Principles Based on Attention ● Memory Principles

9. School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering 9 Perceptual Principles 1.Make displays legible (contrast, VA, font characteristics, etc.) 2.Avoid absolute judgment limits (< 5-7) 3.Exploit top-down processing 4.Exploit redundancy 5.Utilize discriminability (similarity causes confusion)

10. School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering 10 Coding ● Color ● < 9 discriminable colors (absolute discrimination) ● < ? (relative discrimination) ● Shape ● alphanumeric: < 82 (A-Z, a-z, 0-9, <, (, +, &, …) ● geometric: < 15 ● pictorial: < ?

11. School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering 11 Coding (cont’) Magnitude < 7 (± 2) ● area ● line length ● number of primitives ● luminance ● stereoscopic depth ● inclination

12. School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering 12 Mental Model Principles 6.Apply pictorial realism 7.Apply principle of the moving part 8.(and other principles of movement compatibility)

13. School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering 13 Fixed Scale Moving Pointer (1) 0 20 10 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

14. School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering 14 Fixed Scale Moving Pointer (2) 0 20 10 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

15. School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering 15 Fixed Pointer Moving Scale (1) 0 20 10 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

16. School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering 16 Fixed Pointer Moving Scale (2) 0 20 10 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

17. School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering 17 Scale Intervals Good progressions 0.10.20.3...(0.1 unit numbered interval) 123...(1 unit) 51015...(5 units) Fair progressions 0.20.40.6...(0.2 unit) 246...(2 units) Poor progressions 0.250.50.75...(0.25 units) 4816...(4 units) 135...(2 units, poor initial point)

18. School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering 18 Scale Layout ● Circular ● Numbers increase clockwise ● Zero break ● Zero at bottom (positive scale) ● Zero at 9 o’clock position (positive - negative scale) ● Numbers inside graduation marks 0

19. School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering 19 Circular Display 0 20 10 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

20. School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering 20 Positive/Negative Display 0 -10 -20 +10 +20

21. School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering 21 Linear Displays 01020304050 0 10 20 30 40 50

22. School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering 22 Linear Displays (2) 0 10 20 30 40 50 01020304050

23. School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering 23 Long-Scale Displays: Multiple Pointer 5 7 6 8 9 0 1 2 3 4

24. School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering 24 Long-Scale Displays: Pointer/Counter 5 7 6 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 7 8 0 3 1

25. School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering 25 Motion (Fixed Pointer Moving Scale) ● Scale numbers increase in clockwise direction ● Compatible control / scale movement ● Clockwise control movement increases value ● Avoid FPMS displays (inconsistency)

26. School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering 26 FPMS Anomalies (1) 0 20 10 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 20 10 30 40 50 60 80 90 70

27. School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering 27 FPMS Anomalies (2) 0 80 90 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 80 90 70 60 50 40 30 20 10

28. School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering 28 Principles Based on Attention 8.Minimize information access costs 9.Apply proximity compatibility principle ● mental proximity → display proximity ● e.g., aircraft primary flight instruments 10.Utilize multiple resources/modalities (visual + auditory)

29. School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering 29 Aircraft Primary Flight Instruments Source: Wikimedia commons, downloaded 2 Nov 10 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Six_flight_instruments.JPG Source: Wikimedia commons, downloaded 2 Nov 10 from http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thum b/d/dc/Primary_Flight_Display.svg/2000px- Primary_Flight_Display.svg.png Conventional Electronic

30. School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering 30 Memory Principles 11.Replace knowledge in the head with knowledge in the world 12.Provide predictive aiding 13.Be consistent!

31. School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering 31 Alerting Displays ● Alert levels (e.g., Engine Indication and Crew Alerting System [EICAS]) ● Advisory ● Caution (salient, perhaps auditory) ● Warning (most salient)

32. School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering 32 Labels ● Examples of static displays ● Design criteria 1.Visibility & legibility 2.Discriminability 3.Meaningfulness 4.Location (close & unambiguous)

33. School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering 33 Monitoring Displays ● Used to display changing quantities ● Design criteria 1.Legibility 2.Analog vs digital 3.Analog form & direction ● pictorial realism, moving part 4.Prediction & sluggishness

34. School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering 34 Check Reading ● Examples ● RPM ok? ● Temperature ok? ● Types ● FSMP ● FPMS ● Technologies ● Mechanical ● Electronic (CRT, LCD, …)

35. School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering 35 Check Reading (2) 0 20 10 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

36. School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering 36 Check Reading (3) 0 10 20 30 40 50 ABCD 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50

37. School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering 37 Display Layout ● Primary visual area ● Principles 1.Frequency of use 2.Importance 3.Display relatedness 4.Sequence of use 5.Functional grouping 6.Stimulus-response compatibility 7.Clutter avoidance 8.Proximity compatibility 9.Standardization ● Conflicts → tradeoffs

38. School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering 38 Head-Up Displays windscreen mirror projector pilot’s eye combiner HUD image (at optical infinity)

39. School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering 39 Head-Up Displays ● Advantages ● Far-near in parallel ● Conformal display ● Optical infinity ● Disadvantages ● Cost ● Clutter ● Also Head-Mounted Displays(HMDs)

40. School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering 40 Head-Up Display Source: http://ef2000_www.im.gte.com/efhcphd.html

41. School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering 41 Military Aircraft HUD

42. School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering 42 Head Mounted Display Kopin Monocular Head Mounted Display, http://www.phoenix.net/~vrgear/kopin.htm

43. School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering 43 Helmet Mounted Display Source: VSI F-35 HMDS - Joint Strike Fighter Helmet Mounted Display System http://www.vsi- hmcs.com/pages_hmcs/03b_f35nite.htmlhttp://www.vsi- hmcs.com/pages_hmcs/03b_f35nite.html, last accessed 22 Oct 07.

44. School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering 44 Configural/Object Displays ● Configural displays (object displays) ● See p. 206, Fig. 8.11 ● Taking advantage of emergent features Configural Respiration Monitoring Display Nuclear Power Plant Object Display

45. School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering Supervisory Displays ● Large, complex systems ● Monitoring ● Routine & non-normal situations ● Ecological interfaces – Graphical – Emergent features – Supports reasoning at different levels of abstraction ● e.g., synoptic displays

46. School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering 46 Pictorial Display (System Synoptic)

47. School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering 47 Navigation Displays and Maps ● Tasks ● Guidance ● Planning ● Recovery (if lost) ● Route lists and command displays ● Maps - principles ● Legibility (under all conditions) ● Clutter & overlay (declutter, color coding) ● Position representation (YAH) ● Orientation (N-up, Track-up) ● Scale (appropriate) ● 3D maps ● Data Visualization

48. School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering 48 Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI)

49. School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering 49 Pathway In The Sky Display Source: Newman, D. (2006) “A Review of Pathway in the Sky Displays,” http://www.faa.gov/aircraft/air_cert/design_approvals/transport/media/PathwayintheSky-RLN.pdfhttp://www.faa.gov/aircraft/air_cert/design_approvals/transport/media/PathwayintheSky-RLN.pdf, last accessed 22 Oct 07.

50. School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering 50 Quantitative Information Displays: Tables and Graphs ● Choice ● Precision → tables ● Relationships, trends → graphs ● Legibility ● Adequate contrast ● Discriminability ● Redundant coding ● Clutter: maximize “data/ink” ratio ● Proximity: things to be compared should be close ● Format: many data points → visualization

51. School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering 51 Display Design ● Driven by requirements from task analysis. ● 13 Principles of Display Design 1.Make displays legible 2.Avoid absolute judgment limits 3.Exploit top-down processing 4.Exploit redundancy 5.Utilize discriminability 6.Apply pictorial realism 7.Apply principle of the moving part 8.Minimize information access costs 9.Apply proximity compatibility principle 10.Utilize multiple resources/modalities (visual + auditory) 11.Replace knowledge in the head with knowledge in the world 12.Provide predictive aiding 13.Be consistent!