1. “Applied” String Theory Pinaki Banerjee The Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai Department of Physics, Visva Bharati 12 th July, 2013

2. Disclaimer!! I am not an expert in this subject!

3. What is it all about? Dept. Of Physics, Visva Bharati

4. ● Electromagnetic force The Fundamental Forces ● Weak force ● Strong force ●G●Gravity Dept. Of Physics, Visva Bharati

5. What do we know so far ? ● Quantum Mechanics ● elementary particles, atoms, molecules,.. ● General Relativity ● stars, galaxies,... Dept. Of Physics, Visva Bharati

6. ● Uncertainty : ● Observables : Hermitian operators in H. ● States : Vectors (rays) in H. ● Superposition ● Unitary evolution of states ● Entanglement The Quantum World Dept. Of Physics, Visva Bharati

7. Quantum Field Theories ● Action-at-a-distance. X ● Classical fields must be quantized. √ Dept. Of Physics, Visva Bharati ● Particles can be born, they can die! √

8. Symmetries are Crucial ● Space-time symmetry ● Internal symmetry 1. Lotrentz symmetry : 3 Boosts, 3 rotations 1. Global symmetry Poincare group 2. 4 Space-time symmetries 1 & 2 Gauge symmetry2. Local / Dept. Of Physics, Visva Bharati

9. Beauty of Gauge Theories ● Electromagnetic U(1) ● Weak SU(2) ● Strong SU(3) ● Gravity ?? Poincare + Gauge symmetries } Dept. Of Physics, Visva Bharati

10. What is a CFT? ● Naively, a QFT which is scale invarient. ● Imposes constraints on Green functions. ● Symmetry group SO(d,2) ● Of extreme theoretical interest. Dept. Of Physics, Visva Bharati

11. The Relativistic world ● Equivalence principle ● Speed limit Dept. Of Physics, Visva Bharati

12. Gravity is different... ● Inertial mass = Gravitational mass ● Newton's 2 nd law : ● The law of Gravity: / / Dept. Of Physics, Visva Bharati

13. Einstein equation Some solutions Minkowski space De Sitter space Anti de Sitter space Dept. Of Physics, Visva Bharati

14. What is AdS space? ● is the maximally symmetric spacetime in ● d+1 dimensions. ● It has constant negative curvature and is solution to Einstein eqn with negative cosmological constant. ● Its isometry group is SO(d,2). ** Same as !! ● Its metric has different representations. Dept. Of Physics, Visva Bharati

15. Geometry of AdS Poincare patch : ● Infinite number of Minkowski slices which are warped along z. ● Poincare invariance along the “slice” coordinates. ● Scaling is evident. Dept. Of Physics, Visva Bharati

16. Geometry of AdS ● Global AdS : ● Massless particles reach boundary in finite time ● Massive particles never reach ! Dept. Of Physics, Visva Bharati

17. Quantum Field Theory + General Relativity Dept. Of Physics, Visva Bharati

19. Change the Paradigm!!

20. String Theory Dept. Of Physics, Visva Bharati ● Nambu-Goto action :

21. String Theory ● Bosonic string needs 26 spacetime dimensions! ● Has tachyon. ● No Fermions in its spectrum. ● Superstring lives in 10 dimensions.

22. Motivating AdS/CFT 1. Open string-closed string duality Dept. Of Physics, Visva Bharati

23. Motivating AdS/CFT 2. Large-N gauge theories Dept. Of Physics, Visva Bharati

24. Motivating AdS/CFT ● String perturbation theory : Dept. Of Physics, Visva Bharati

25. Motivating AdS/CFT 3. Idea of Holography ● Black hole Entropy ● ≈ Dept. Of Physics, Visva Bharati

26. AdS/CFT Correspondence ● Type IIB string theory in ● ● SYM in ● N = 4 SU SYM in ● GKPW formula Maldacena '97 Witten '98 Dept. Of Physics, Visva Bharati

27. The AdS/CFT Dictionary Dept. Of Physics, Visva Bharati

28. The AdS/CFT Dictionary

29. Why so interesting?!! ● Strongly coupled theory Classical (super-)gravity ● Dept. Of Physics, Visva Bharati ● 1. is fixed ● Classical string theory ● ● 2. ● Classical supergravity! ●

30. Some interesting applications ●E●Entropy to viscosity ratio of QGP : ● Holographic superconductivity ● Quantum phase transition ● Quantum quench ●P●Physics out of equilibrium and... ●A●AdS/QCD Dept. Of Physics, Visva Bharati

31. Disclaimer !! Dept. Of Physics, Visva Bharati CanAdS/CFT help me??! help me??!

32. QCD vs N = 4 SYM Plasma T = 0 T> 0 Dept. Of Physics, Visva Bharati

33. Brownian Motion Dept. Of Physics, Visva Bharati

34. Langevin dynamics ● Quantum version of FD theorem : Dept. Of Physics, Visva Bharati ● This is a form of Fluctuation-dissipation theorem. ● For ultimate long time scale : ●

35. Contour & Gravity

36. Brownian motion in AdS/CFT

38. Summary & Frontiers ● AdS/CFT is an extremely useful tool for theoretical physicists. ● It has versatile applications over different braches of physics viz., Quantum gravity, QCD, Cond. Mat, Stat. Mech... ● Few thousands of work exist in literature and a lot more to be done. ● Still it is a “conjecture” since 1997. Yet to be proved! Dept. Of Physics, Visva Bharati