1. CRICOS No. 00213J Professor Jeremy Davey Drug Driving: Where to from here ?

2. Roadside Drug Tests 2015 (Qld): However we need to understand what the data is telling us TestsNumber Total Tests33,950 Total Positive7,549 Delta92,918 MDMA47 MDMA, Delta988 Meth2,193 Meth, Delta91,682 Meth, MDMA58 Meth, MDMA, Delta954 Waiting Certificates484

3. Australian roadside drug testing programs OVERALL WE HAVE DONE A GOOD JOB Despite technical and operational differences, most Australian jurisdictions are similar A lot of energy has been focused on technology It is not really random (good or bad?) There is an increasing shift towards greater number of tests Still an expensive venture

4. Australia Vs Overseas Many overseas jurisdictions have been tied up with cut off levels and still no roadside programs I am not going to talk about cut off limits.... we have an established (and widey accepted) history of per say legislation Many overseas jurisdictions have debated at legnth the issue of pharmacuiticals finally resulting in relatively very high cut off levels Within the Austrailan context whilst an issue it is more of a distraction and will politically and culturally take a long time (and complex debate) before introduction. Is a traditional general deterrence approach the right way to go There are two general domain which will influence road side DD programs technology ( the test itself and what it can do) & The actual policing strategy … Most of the discussion jas been on the technology...However what is lacking and we do need is the discusssoin on the strategy At this tage I am not going to talk about cut off limits..this has been a focus of Overseas..but we have an established histor of (and widey accepted) per say legislation.

5. Australia is… A (the) world leader in drink driving enforcement with a long history of intervention and research. ALSO The world leader in drug driving roadside oral fluid enforcement.

6. Worth thinking about (how we got here) Current Australian strategies and policies on drug driving have been developed on the back of an extensive and long history of random breath testing and lowering BAC limits. Many international jurisdictions which are attempting to develop drug driving policy have a different (as compared to Australia) policy, legislative and social history and roadside testing practices for drink driving.

7. We have a lot to learn from drink driving However Drug Driving “Same Same, but Different”

8. “Same same” was very helpful in the initial establishment and operation of roadside oral fluid drug testing. However The challenge is now the “different” part of the equation. Are we lacking a contemporary or appropriate theoretical/ knowledge base moving forward?

9. All of us VS Some of us Almost all of the population drink alcohol (at some point) and this has implications on how we approach drink driving interventions. Almost all of us have the potential to drink drive. The majority of the population don’t use illicit drugs. Only a small number of the population have the potential to drug drive.

10. In 2005 we said There are generally two types of users and two types of drug drivers: Dependent users … every day drug drivers (have a drug problem and problematic history). Recreational users... occasional, opportunistic drug drivers (a large variety of people and behaviours) - (have a driving problem).

11. Is it relevant today?

12. What data is telling us: Drug drivers offence history Just under half have had a previous drug offence. Approximately 70% had a previous drug offence and/or court offence. Does this represent the drug driving population or only the apprehended population?

13. Dependent users Hierarchy of issues to address (drug driving may be of low importance) o how much a problem is drug driving compared to criminal drug use, personal and immediate health issues, ease of access to drugs? Many dependent drug users have problematic behavioural issues Relatively low in number but high in frequency How do we develop specific deterrence? On site pre-screening indicates multiple offending behaviours o is it pre-selecting a type of driver we pull over for a drug test? Makes good use of scarce resources

14. Occasional and opportunistic (recreational) users Much greater potential pool of drivers Low individual frequency of drug driving but large population Research would suggest there is currently little general deterrence effect We actually don’t know much about them in terms of drug driving

15. Due to limited available resources (i.e. number of test) Are we are generally targeting the dependent user? Is there a “large rump” of recreational users that we haven’t successfully targeted? Interestingly this has been the opposite scenario to drink driving What are we doing with those drivers who are testing positive?

16. Learn from the past It took us 20 + years to start really looking and re-examining strategies at the … don’t wait that long for drug driving Unlike alcohol, drug patterns change - so will drug driving (e.g., Synthetic=workplace=driving) Now 10 years down the track with roadside drug testing….at what level is the supportive education and community culture change program currently at?..that doesn’t mean lets throw a few TV adverts at it ….

17. Looking Forward Will need an increase to the resource allocation to police. We do need to increase the number of tests. Resources/funds/cost will be a key defining control for future enforcement If we keep thinking in a drink driving way and are to develop general and specific deterrence we will need a lot more testing (needs to be intelligence lead)

18. Moving Forward The money/resource is in the number of tests What is the best way to use the resource…how many tests and who do we test ? We have a lot of recreational users who have got the drink driving message However are they currently deterred from drug driving?

19. Drink Driving has taught us…. Behavioural change occurs within cultural change. This takes resources, roadside testing, consistent action, enforcement, education and time.

20. Recent Research Findings Importantly, the lack of any perceived likelihood of being caught for drug driving is a major barrier to behavioural change (recreational user). We are dependent on technology for detection. Contemporary drug patterns change. Drink driving and drug driving combined. Drug driving rehab programs ? Need to create a general deterrence for a specific population...what is the best way?

21. Has the deterrence car stalled? Is the historical deterrence strategy the way to go ?

22. Deterrence Generally fails to explain aberrant driving behaviours Predicts 15% of variance Why is it that normal people take the risk? Massive impact of normative forces

23. Rule Compliance 1.Instrumental motives are related to the gains and losses involved in compliance and non- compliance with the law 2.Normative motives result from internalization of the law and a feeling of obligation to obey the law in accordance with personal values. -- With finite resources we need better ways ways to uses deterrence in tailored strategies

24. Moving Forward short to medium term Two general domains which will influence road side Drug Driving programs 1) Technology (the test itself and what it can do) 2) The actual policing strategy … Most of the discussion has been about technology However what is now lacking and what we do need is knowledge about the strategy/approach

25. Thank you j.davey@qut.edu.au CRICOS No. 00213J Mark your Diaries! Sixth International Conference on Traffic & Transport Psychology 2-5 August 2016 Brisbane, Australia http://icttp2016.com/