1. Copyright Statements Course materials contained in all PPT files are copyrighted and should not be reprinted or distributed without permission. Students who have registered in this course can use the course materials for educational purpose only.

2. Cultural Geography * What & Why * Questions to be discussed

13. “ 北方街頭多口号，南方路邊多廣告 ” “ 北京講主義，廣東做生意 ” 孫中山北閥  power 鄧小平南巡  economy 37% 9.3% 54% 49% 9.3% 40% >1.7m1.6 ~1.7m<1.6m

15. Cultural Geography I. Culture & Cultural Geography II. Origin & Spatial Diffusion of Culture III. Cultural Landscape IV. Folk Culture & Popular Culture

16. I. Culture & Cultural Geography Culture: A common set of values and beliefs shared by a group of people and transferred from generation to generation.

17. I. Culture & Cultural Geography Cultural Geography: Study the geographic variation of culture, how geographic conditions shape culture and vice versus. Cultural Landscape: Cultural Landscape: Earth’s surface as modified by human action.

18. I. Culture & Cultural Geography Cultural Region: Portion of the earth’s surface occupied by populations sharing a similar culture. Cultural Realm: Cultural regions at global scale.

19. Culture realms of the modern world

20. Regional variations in expressions of popular culture

22. II. Origin and Spatial Diffusion Domestication (10,000 years ago) ↓ Using tools & technologies (8,000~3,500 B.C.) ↓ Neolithic Origin of culture

23. Early centers of plant and animal domestication

24. Chief centers of plant and animal domestication

25. II. Origin and Spatial Diffusion Culture Hearth: Culture Hearth: Centers of innovation and invention from which key cultural elements move to influence the surrounding regions. Invention: Invention: create something new. Innovation: Innovation: change to a culture rom within. Alteration

26. Early culture hearths of the Old World and the Americas

27. Early Anglo American culture hearths

28. American folk culture hearths and diffusions

29. How has culture developed? Evolutionism: Evolutionism: sources of cultural change were embedded in the culture from the beginning, internally determined. Diffusionism: Diffusionism: cultures were developed in very few places and then adopted by other people.

30. Patterns of Diffusion Relocation Diffusion: Relocation Diffusion: idea or innovation is physically carried to new areas by migrants Expansion Diffusion: Expansion Diffusion: idea or innovation spreads from one place to neighboring locations

31. Patterns of diffusion

32. The migration of first farmers

33. The process of contagious diffusion

34. The diffusion of innovations over time

35. The trend of innovation through human history

36. Barriers to Cultural Diffusion ~ Physical ~ Political ~ Religious Geographic factors in cultural development ~ Endogenous ~ Exogenous

37. World Distribution of Pigs

38. Divergence: Different human groups have gone through different stages of cultural development and maintained different ways of life. Convergence: World population increasingly share a common technology and a common way of life.

39. III. Cultural Landscape Cultural Ecology ~ Environmental determinism ~ Possibilism Cultural Landscape ~ Carl Sauer’s Berkeley School

40. Carl Sauer’s Cultural Landscape