1. Introduction To Computer

2. Course Details  Course Code: CSC 301  Course Title:Introduction to Computing  Credit Hours: 3(2-2)  Course Objectives:  This course is an introduction to a broad class of computer issues. It is designed for students who are not CS majors and who have had little or no previous experience with computers. This course, using both lecture and laboratory practice, introduces students to basic computer concepts in hardware, software, networking, computer security, database, e-commerce and other emerging technologies such as wiki and Google applications. Students learn techniques to search, evaluate, validate, and cite information found online. Widely used applications including word processing, spreadsheets, databases, presentation, and web development software are studied. 1A-2

3. Recommended Books  Textbook: P. Norton, Peter Norton's Introduction to Computers, 6th Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 2006.  Reference: Computer Science An Overview, J. Glenn Brookshear 11 th Edition  W. Stallings, Computer Organization and Architecture, 8 th Ed., Pearson Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 2010  Excellent World Wide Web address: to look up computer terminology online http://www.wikipedia.com, http://www.whatis.comhttp://www.wikipedia.com http://www.whatis.com 1A-3

4. McGraw-Hill Technology Education Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

5. Book Contents At a glance I  Chapter 1: Introducing Computer Systems Lesson 1A: Exploring Computers and Their Uses Lesson 1B: Looking Inside the Computer System  Chapter 2: Interacting with Your Computer Lesson 2A: Using the Keyboard and Mouse Lesson 2B: Inputting Data in Other Ways  Chapter 3: Seeing, Hearing, and Printing Data Lesson 3A: Video and Sound Lesson 3B: Printing  Chapter 4: Processing Data Lesson 4A: Transforming Data into Information Lesson 4B: Modern CPUs  Chapter 5: Storing Data Lesson 5A: Types of Storage Devices Lesson 5B: Measuring and Improving Drive Performance 1A-5

6.  Chapter 6: Using Operating Systems Lesson 6A: Operating System Basics Lesson 6B: Survey of PC and Network Operating Systems  Chapter 7: Networks Lesson 7A: Networking Basics Lesson 7B: Data Communications  Chapter 8: Presenting the Internet Lesson 8A: The Internet and the World Lesson 8B: E-Mail and Other Internet Services  Chapter 9: Working in the Online World Lesson 9A: Connecting to the Internet Lesson 9B: Doing Business in the Online World  Chapter 10: Working with Application Software Lesson 10A: Productivity Software Lesson 10B: Graphics and Multimedia 1A-6 Book Contents At a glance II

7. Book Contents At a glance III  Chapter 11: Database Management Lesson 11A: Database Management Systems Lesson 11B: Survey of Database Systems  Chapter 12: Software Programming and Development Lesson 12A: Creating Computer Programs Lesson 12B: Programming Languages and the Programming Process  Chapter 13: Protecting Your Privacy, Your Computer, and Your Data Lesson 13A: Understanding the Need for Security Measures Lesson 13B: Taking Protective Measures  Appendices Appendix A: Creating Your own Web Page Appendix B: Buying Your first Computers Appendix C: Computer Viruses Appendix D: History of Microcomputers 1A-7

8. 8 Marks Distribution of course  Assignments/Quizzes ……….………8  Mid Term..…………….. 12  Final.………….….. 20  Practical..…………20

9. 9 I keep 6 honest serving men. They taught me all I knew. Their names are: WHAT and WHY and WHEN and HOW and WHERE and WHO. (R. Kipling) And believe me, on the road of learning, these are your best companions. A nice saying…

10. 10 Lets Start the Course…

11. What is a Science?  Science is "knowledge attained through study or practice"  Knowledge covers general truths of the operation of general laws, esp. as obtained and tested through scientific method [and] concerned with the physical world."  Refers to a system of acquiring knowledge. This system uses observation and experimentation to describe and explain natural phenomena.

12. ? What is Technology?  Practical application of science is technology.  Technology is a human innovation in action that involves the generation of knowledge and processes to develop systems that solve problems.

13. Data and Information  What is data? Data is unorganised facts, numbers, letters and symbols represented in a formalised manner suitable for communication, interpretation and processing by humans or computers.  What is information? Information is data which has been assigned a commonly understood meaning.

14. AB34652 22025 46723 45890 98345 ?? Data

15. Information Number of Products Sold in November in All Sales Areas Product South North East West AB34652 22025 46723 45890 98345

16. Information Technology  Information technology refers to both the hardware and software that are used to store, retrieve, and manipulate information.  The practice of creating and/or studying computer systems and applications.

17. Communication  The term 'Communication' has been derived from the Latin word 'communis' that means 'common'. Thus 'to communicate' means 'to make common' or 'to make known'. This act of making common and known is carried out through exchange of thoughts, ideas or the like.  Communication is a process of transferring information from one entity to another.

18. E-World  eWorld stands for electronic world, is responsible for providing online services.  It includes email (eMail Center), news, and a bulletin board system (Community Center).  Users of eWorld are referred to as "ePeople".

19. E-World Email:  Messages automatically passed from one computer user to another, often through computer networks and/or via modems over telephone lines. Bulletin Board System (Community Center)  A computer and associated software which typically provides an electronic message database where people can log in and leave messages. Messages are typically split into topic groups. Any user may submit or read any message in these public areas.

20. ? What is a Computer?  An electronic device that can perform the following tasks: Respond predictably to input Store the set of instructions needed to process the input Process the input according to these instructions Store the results of processing Output information

21. How is a computer defined? Produces and stores results Electronic device operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory information Processes data into information Data that is organized, meaningful, and useful data Accepts data Raw facts, figures, and symbols

22. All computers take in information called input and give out information called output How computer works:

23. Input Processing Output Storage Components of a Computing System

24. Central processing unit (CPU) holds instructions temporarily and data and programs executes computer Input device sends data to the central processing unit Output device makes processed (information) available data Secondary storage device stores data and programs Four Hardware Components

25. 25 HISTORY OF COMPUTER Calculating Machines 3000 BC  The first calculating device called ABACUS was developed by the Egyptian and Chinese people.  Its only value is that it aids the memory of the human performing the calculation.  A skilled abacus operator can work on addition and subtraction problems at the speed of a person equipped with a hand calculator  Extract square root and cube root.  User has to memorize certain rules

26. ABACUS 1A-26 More information on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abacus

27. 27 HISTORY OF COMPUTER Napier’s bones  English mathematician John Napier built a mechanical device for the purpose of multiplication.  He invented logarithms, which are a technology that allows multiplication to be performed via addition.  The magic ingredient is the logarithm of each operand, which was originally obtained from a printed table.  Napier also invented an alternative to tables, where the logarithm values were carved on ivory sticks which are now called Napier's Bones.

28. 28 HISTORY OF COMPUTER Slide Rule  English mathematician Edmund Gunter developed the slide rule. This machine could perform operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. It was widely used in Europe in 16th century.

29. 29 Pascal's Machine 1642: A Frenchman Blaise Pascal introduced the first mechanical calculating device.  Pascal invented the Pascaline as an aid for his father who was a tax collector. Pascal built 50 of this gear-driven one- function calculator (it could only add).  A machine consisted of wheels, gears and cylinders, that could add and subtract. HISTORY OF COMPUTER

30. Pascaline  1A-30

31. 31 Leibniz’s Multiplication and Dividing Machine HISTORY OF COMPUTER  It could both multiply and divide.  In 1671 the German mathematician-philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz designed a calculating machine called the Step Reckoner. (It was first built in 1673.) The Step Reckoner expanded on Pascal's ideas and did multiplication by repeated addition and shifting.  Addition or subtraction is performed in a single step,

32. Difference Engine  1833: Charles Babbage Professor of Mathematics Cambridge University With Assistance of Lady Augusta Ada Lovelace  developed a machine that could store information, calculate numbers and solve algebraic expression. 1A-32

33. Difference Engine  1A-33

34. 34 Babbage’s Analytical Engine Charles Babbage (father of computer) built a mechanical machine to do complex mathematical calculations. Mechanical and Electrical Calculator Mechanical calculator was developed to perform all sorts of mathematical calculations. Later mechanical calculator was developed to the electrical calculator. Modern Electronic Calculator  At first made quite bulky then transistors.  It can do all kinds of mathematical computations and store some data permanently.  Its size is too small.

35. Mechanical and Electrical Calculator

36. Punched Card  1890: Herman Hollerith American Inventor  developed devices that were able to read information which had been punched into cards automatically  developed a machine called the census machine Capable of reading numbers, characters, and also special symbols. 1A-36

37. Punched Cards  1A-37

38. Harvard Mark I  1944: Howard Aikens and Grace Hooper developed an electromechanical machine at IBM  Called Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC)  Called Mark I by Harvard University  Capable of reading numbers, characters, and also special symbols 1A-38

39. Harvard Mark I  Built from Switches, Relays, rotating shafts and clutches  765,000 components  Hundred of meters of wires  Volume Length(51ft)X Height (8 ft) x Depth (2 ft)  Weight 4500 kgs  Used decimal number systems 1A-39

40. Manchester Mark I  1A-40

41. Modern Computers  Modern computers are digital Word “by the numbers” Break all types of information into tiny units Use numbers to represent information Two digits combine to make data (0, 1) 1A-41

42. History of Computers  Older computers were analog represent data as variable points along a continuous spectrum of values. More flexible but not necessarily more precise and reliable 1A-42

43. Generation of Computers 1A-43 GenerationDatesCharacteristic 1st1944-59Use Valves (Vacuum tubes) 2nd1959-64Use transistors 3rd1964-75Large Scale Integrated Circuits 4th1975-Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits 5thUnder development “Artificial Intelligence” based computers

44. Types Of Computers  Computers Can be divided into the following types on the basis of their working: 1. Analog Computers 2. Digital Computers 3. Hybrid Computers

45. Types Of Computers  Analog Computers: An analog Computer does not operate with digital signals. It recognizes data as a continuous measurement of a physical property. it has no state. Analog computer is difficult to operate and use. Voltage,pressure, speed and temperature are some physical properties that can be measured in this way.  Analog computer is mainly used in the field of engineering and medicine.

46. Types Of Computers  Examples: 1. The speed of the car is measured by speedometer 2. Analog clock measures time by the distance of the hands of a clock around a dial.

47. Examples

48. Types Of Computers  Digital Computers: A Digital Computer Works with Digits. Everything Is described in two states i.e. either on or off. The number 1 represents on and 0 represents off state. it operates by counting numbers or digits and gives output in digital form. The digital computers are very fast. These computers store result in digital form.

49. Types Of Computers  Examples: 1. Digital watch is a good example of digital computer. 2. Score board that directly count discrete values such as the time left to play and the score of each team.

50. Examples

51. Types Of Computers  Hybrid Computers: These types of computers are, as the name suggests, a combination of both Analog and Digital computers. A hybrid computer combines the best characteristics of both the analog and digital computer. It can accept data in analog and digital form. Examples: Hybrid computer devices may calculate patient’s heart function,temperature, blood pressure etc.

52. Categories of Computers

53. Next Personal Computers (desktop) Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices Midrange Servers Mainframes Supercomputers Embedded Computers

54. Personal Computers Designed so all of the components fit entirely on or under a desk or table Refer to a type of computer system that was designed for use by a single person Next

55. Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices  What is a notebook computer? Next Portable, small enough to fit on your lap Also called a laptop computer Generally more expensive than a desktop computer

56. Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices  What is a Tablet PC? Next Resembles a letter-sized slate Allows you to write on the screen using a digital pen Especially useful for taking notes Offer all the functionality of a notebook PC, but they are lighter. Can accept input from an electronic pen or the user’s voice.

57. Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices  What are mobile devices?  Small enough to carry in a pocket Next  Internet-enabled telephone is a “smart phone”

58. Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices  What is a handheld computer?  Also called palmtop computers. Next Used by mobile employees such as meter readers Small enough to fit in one hand

59. Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices  What is a personal digital assistant (PDA)? Next Provides personal organizer functions  Calendar  Appointment book  Address book  Calculator  Notepad

60. Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices  What are smart phones and smart watches? Next A smart watch is an Internet-enabled watch that automatically adjusts to time zone changes and stores personal information A smart phone is an Internet-enabled telephone that usually provides PDA capabilities

61. Servers  What types of servers are there? Midrange server Powerful, large computer that supports up to a few thousand computers Mainframe Very powerful, expensive computer that supports thousands of computers. Supercomputer The fastest, most powerful, most expensive computer. Used for applications requiring complex mathematical calculations like weather forecasting etc Next

62. Embedded Computers  What is an embedded computer? A special-purpose computer that functions as a component in a larger product Next

63. Capabilities Of Computers Computers have some significant characteristics because of which they are becoming versatile day by day. They have several capabilities and some limitations.

64. Following are some important characteristics of Computers :  Speed  Storage Capacity  Processing  Accuracy  Recalling Capabilities Of Computers ( Cont )

65.  Control sequence  Consistency  Communication  Versatility  Cost Reduction

66. Speed Computers can carry out instructions in less than a millionth of a second. For instant, a small computer can sort a set of hundred names in less than a hundredth of a second. Storage Capacity Computers have the capacity to store large amounts of instructions and data and supply stored information to us when we ask for it. This is an advantage over our brains where it is difficult to store all information we acquire for long time. Description:

67. Processing A computer can process the given instructions. It can perform different types of processing like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. It can also perform logical Functions like comparing two numbers to decide which one is greater. Accuracy Accuracy means to provide result without any error. Computer can process large amount of data and generate error free results.

68. Recalling A computer can recall the stored data and information as and when required. The data stored in the computer can be used at a later time. The computer can recall the data within few seconds. Control Sequence A computer works strictly according to the given instructions. It follows the same sequence of instructions that is given to a Program.

69. Consistency Computers works in consistent way. It does not lose concentration due to heavy work. It does not become tired or bore.Computer performs all the jobs with equal attention. Communication Most computers have the capability to communicate with other computers. We can connect two or more computers by Communicating device such as modem. These computers can share data, instructions and information.

70. Versatile A computer can perform different types of tasks. We can use computers in hospitals, banks or at home. A variety of facilities are available through computers. Cost Reduction By using computers we can perform a difficult task in less time and less cost. For example we may have to hire many persons to handled an office. The same work can be performed by a single person with the help of computer. It reduce the cost.

71. Limitations Of Computers We have understood the importance of computer in our lives. Does that means that a computer act like an Obedient assistant who can perform all tasks repeatedly at high speed without any error? Lack of Commonsense Yes to some extent computer acts as human being. But there is big difference between the machine and master. A computer is only a tool. It cannot think. It does not have Intelligence or commonsense as well.

72. Limitations Of Computers (Cont ) Inability to correct When we instruction to the computer we must give the correct instructions. A computer cannot correct the wrong instruction itself. This follows the fact that computer cannot use its brain because it does not have one! Dependence on human instructions A computer cannot generate any information on its own. It can only do what it is told to do.