1. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

2. LIGHT Turf needs at least 4 hours of full sun Bermudagrass 6 hours Bermudagrass 6 hours –‘Tifgrand’ and ‘Celebration’ 60% shade 60% shade

3. LIGHT Shade Less PS, less CHO Less PS, less CHO Not as stress tolerant Not as stress tolerant Reduced density Reduced density

4. LIGHT Shade Symptoms Shallow rooting Shallow rooting

5. LIGHT Shade Symptoms Succulent growth for pests Succulent growth for pests

6. LIGHT Shade Turfgrass St. Augustine and Carpetgrass best St. Augustine and Carpetgrass best

12. LIGHT Trees Compete for moisture and nutrients Compete for moisture and nutrients Reduces amount and quality of light Reduces amount and quality of light Allelopathy: chemical warfare Allelopathy: chemical warfare

13. LIGHT Shade Management Shade tolerant turf, groundcover, or mulch Shade tolerant turf, groundcover, or mulch

14. LIGHT Shade Management Reduce traffic Reduce traffic

15. LIGHT Shade Management Raise mowing height Raise mowing height

16. LIGHT Shade Management Reduce N fertilization Reduce N fertilization –Nitrogen forces growth –Consumes what little CHO is produced in shade

17. LIGHT Shade Management Root prune trees Root prune trees Reduces root competition Reduces root competition

18. TEMPERATURE: HEAT High respiration, low CHO production

19. TEMPERATURE: HEAT Evapotranspiration Evaporation: water changes from liquid to gas Evaporation: water changes from liquid to gas The conversion requires energy and absorbs heat The conversion requires energy and absorbs heat

20. TEMPERATURE: HEAT Evapotranspiration Transpiration: water evaporates from openings, stomates, of leaves Transpiration: water evaporates from openings, stomates, of leaves Water as liquid goes through plant and changes to gas at stomates Water as liquid goes through plant and changes to gas at stomates Cools plant by absorbing heat! Cools plant by absorbing heat!

21. TEMPERATURE: HEAT Heat Management Transpiration: provide adequate moisture Transpiration: provide adequate moisture –Syringing, short cycles of irrigation on golf greens

22. TEMPERATURE: HEAT Heat Management Wind: promote air circulation Wind: promote air circulation –Increase transpiration

23. TEMPERATURE: COLD Occur when temps below 20F Occur when temps below 20F Turf looks water soaked Turf looks water soaked

24. TEMPERATURE: COLD Cold damage worse when: Poor drainage Poor drainage

25. TEMPERATURE: COLD Cold damage worse when: Excessive thatch Excessive thatch

26. TEMPERATURE: COLD Cold damage worse when: Shade Shade

27. TEMPERATURE: COLD Cold damage worse when: Excessive fall N Excessive fall N

28. TEMPERATURE: COLD Cold damage worse when: Close mowing Close mowing

29. TEMPERATURE: COLD Cold Management Cold hardy turf Cold hardy turf Establish turf Establish turf August last N August last N Apply K Apply K

30. MOISTURE Maintains cell turgidity (footprinting) Maintains cell turgidity (footprinting) Transports nutrients Transports nutrients Transpiration Transpiration

31. MOISTURE Wet Turf Lack of oxygen to roots Lack of oxygen to roots Disease Disease Compaction Compaction

32. MOISTURE Wet Turf Management Install drainage Install drainage

33. MOISTURE Wet Turf Management Grade surface drainage and re-establish turf Grade surface drainage and re-establish turf

34. MOISTURE Wet Turf Management Disease resistant turf Disease resistant turf

35. MOISTURE Wet Turf Management Avoid traffic Avoid traffic

36. MOISTURE Wet Turf Management Plant groundcover or mulch Plant groundcover or mulch

37. MOISTURE Drought Resistance Varies among species and cultivars Varies among species and cultivars Remove thatch Remove thatch Encourage deep roots Encourage deep roots –Deep and infrequent irrigation Avoid fertilization during drought unless irrigation is provided Avoid fertilization during drought unless irrigation is provided

38. MOISTURE Dew Water accumulation in morning hours Water accumulation in morning hours Condensation and guttation Condensation and guttation

39. MOISTURE Condensation Water vapor content, or relative humidity Water vapor content, or relative humidity Amount of water vapor that can be held by the air is proportional to air temperature Amount of water vapor that can be held by the air is proportional to air temperature

40. MOISTURE Condensation Increasing air temp, increase water content Increasing air temp, increase water content Temperature drop causes condensation Temperature drop causes condensation

41. MOISTURE Nutrient-rich water Guttation: diffusion of plant moisture through openings at ends of leaves Guttation: diffusion of plant moisture through openings at ends of leaves Water pressure builds up in roots due to low transpiration Water pressure builds up in roots due to low transpiration

42. MOISTURE Nutrient-rich water Nutrients enhance disease Nutrients enhance disease Cause minor tip burn (salts) Cause minor tip burn (salts)

43. MOISTURE Dew Management Syringing greens to wash off nutrients Syringing greens to wash off nutrients Dew whip Dew whip

44. MOISTURE Frost Dew forming ice crystals at about 38 F Dew forming ice crystals at about 38 F Avoid traffic on heavy frosted turf Avoid traffic on heavy frosted turf Damage leaves, will not kill crown Damage leaves, will not kill crown

45. Frost symptoms Frost symptoms

46. SALINITY High salt levels cause turf to weaken and decline in quality High salt levels cause turf to weaken and decline in quality

47. CAUSES OF SALINITY Salts not leached excess from soil Salts not leached excess from soil High ET rates High ET rates –Leave behind salts

48. SALINE SYMPTOMS Initially resemble drought stress Initially resemble drought stress –Shoot browning –Narrow, stiff and darker to blue-green

49. EFFECTS ON PLANTS Inhibits osmotic water absorption Inhibits osmotic water absorption –Can even remove water from roots

50. EFFECTS ON SOIL Deterioration of soil structure Deterioration of soil structure Clog pores, reduces soil aeration and infiltration Clog pores, reduces soil aeration and infiltration

51. TURF RESISTANCE Seashore paspalum, bermuda (hybrids more tolerant), St. Augustine, and zoysia Seashore paspalum, bermuda (hybrids more tolerant), St. Augustine, and zoysia

52. SALINE MANAGEMENT Test water and soil Test water and soil