1. Carsten Schwarz, EXA08, Vienna The PANDA detector at FAIR ● FAIR, HESR ● PANDA physics topics – Charmonium spectroscopy – Search for hybrids and glueballs – In medium modifications of mesons ● Detector Carsten Schwarz, GSI, for the PANDA collaboration

2. Carsten Schwarz, EXA08, Vienna FAIR Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research GSI, Darmstadt - heavy ion physics - nuclear structure - atomic and plasma physics - cancer therapy FAIR: New facility - antiproton physics - heavy ion physics - nuclear structure P ANDA HESR 100 m

3. Carsten Schwarz, EXA08, Vienna P ANDA HESR 100 m 50 MeV p-linac SIS 100 30 GeV protons Cu target 10 7 /s antiprotons ~3 GeV Accumulation & Precooling Acceleration & Cooling Antiproton production similar to CERN

4. Carsten Schwarz, EXA08, Vienna Electron cooler E<8 GeV Detecto r Injectio n High resol. mode: L = 10 31 cm -2 s -1  p/p ~ 10 -5 High lum. mode: L = 2·10 32 cm -2 s -1  p/p < 10 -4 Cooling: electron/stochastic P max = 15 GeV/c L max = 2·10 32 cm -2 s -1 Ø < 100  m  p/p < 10 -5 internal target Characteristics 70 m 185 m HESR Stochastic cooling

5. Carsten Schwarz, EXA08, Vienna Physics topics perturbative QCD strong QCD  S vs. distance ● Charmonium and open charm spectroscopy – confinement ● Search for charmed hybrids and glueballs – formation of color neutral object ● Modification of charmed mesons in nuclear matter – restoration of chiral symmetry ● Hypernuclei ● Nucleon structure F. Jazzi U. Wiedner D. Bettoni S. Lange A. Gillitzer M. Sudol

6. Carsten Schwarz, EXA08, Vienna Charmonium precision spectroscopy 35003520 MeV3510 CBall ev./2 MeV 100 E CM CBall E835 1000 E 835 ev./pb c1c1 Charmonium gives information about QCD confinement potential. Many new states discovered h c ' h c X Y Z pp: direct population of all states. HESR allows investigation of states above DD threshold. Cooled beams with  p/p~10 -5 allow high precision scan of resonances. Resonance scan: Energy resolution down to ~50 keV Tune beam (E CM ) to probe resonance Get precise mass and width Beam profiles during scanning Measured rate Resonane cross section

7. Carsten Schwarz, EXA08, Vienna Hybrids & Glueballs Normal meson: 2 fermions P = (-1) L+1 C = (-1) L+S Excited glue: bosonic degree of freedom → exotic quantum numbers eg. J PC =1 -+, 0 --, 0 +-, 2 +-... → normal quantum numbers Signature: exotic quantum numbers: partial wave analysis normal quantum numbers: model comparison mixing with normal mesons charm sector: few resonances with small widths qqg ggg HybridGlueball qq Meson

8. Carsten Schwarz, EXA08, Vienna Hybrids In the light meson spectrum exotic states overlap with conventional states In the cc meson spectrum the density of states is lower and therefore the overlap

9. Carsten Schwarz, EXA08, Vienna Hybrids & Glueballs Crystal Barrel Non-qq candidates come with similar strength like qq resonances in pp. LQCD: m H = 4.2-4.5 GeV PANDA: non exotic QN  10000/day exotic QN  100/day detection rate Filter for exotic QN 1 -+ : hybrid  J/   X X=   

10. Carsten Schwarz, EXA08, Vienna Glueballs ● Light gg/ggg-systems are complicated to be identified ● Oddballs:exotic heavy glueballs ● m(0 +- ) = 4740(50)(200) MeV ● m(2 +- ) = 4340(70)(230) MeV ● Width unknown, but! ● nature invests more likely in mass than in momentum  good prob. to see in charm channels ● Same run period as hybrids Morningstar und Peardon, PRD60 (1999) 034509 Morningstar und Peardon, PRD56 (1997) 4043

11. Carsten Schwarz, EXA08, Vienna pionic atoms KAOS/FOPI HESR  K D Vacuumnuclear medium  =  0 ++ -- K-K- K+K+ D+D+ D-D- 25 MeV 100 MeV 50 MeV ? Mass modifications of mesons Continuation of present GSI physics FOPI, KAOS, HADES, PANDA Signal: medium modification of production threshold, resonance width e.g.  ',  c2 Absorption cross section of J/  in nuclei (  =  0 ). PANDA Medium modifications of D and J/ 

12. Carsten Schwarz, EXA08, Vienna The expected signal: ● strong enhancement of the D meson crossection near threshold ● density (     ) and temperature (T=0) is known  complementary to AA collisions A.Sibirtsev, K. Tsushima, A.W. Thomas: Eur. Phys. J. A6 (1999) 351 Medium modifications of D and J/ 

13. Carsten Schwarz, EXA08, Vienna Formation of  ¢ and decay in muons  ¢  +  -  ¢  J/  + X   +  - Acceptance of detector is guided by simulations Detector requirements: nearly 4  solid angle for PWA high rate capability: 2x10 7 s -1 interactions efficient event selection momentum resolution ~1% vertex info for D, K 0 S,  (c  = 317  m for D ± ) good PID ( , e, , , K, p) photon detection 1 MeV – 10 GeV

14. Carsten Schwarz, EXA08, Vienna Target Spectrometer Solenoid magnet for high p t tracks Fixed target Pellet or Cluster Forward Spectrometer Dipole magnet for forward tracks p

15. Carsten Schwarz, EXA08, Vienna Tracking Drift ChambersGEM DetectorsCentral TrackerSilicon Microvertex

16. Carsten Schwarz, EXA08, Vienna Particle Identification Barrel DIRCBarrel TOFEndcap DIRCForward TOF Forward RICH Muon Detectors

17. Carsten Schwarz, EXA08, Vienna Calorimetry Hadron Calorimeter Forward Shashlyk EMCPWO Calorimeters

18. Carsten Schwarz, EXA08, Vienna Target Target requirements: 10 16 cm -2 to reach maximum luminosity Hydrogen targets: ● Pellet target: (Uppsala, Münster, Jülich) – Frozen droplets with Ø 20µm – also of heavier gases ● Cluster jet target: (GSI, Vienna, Münster) – dense gas jet ● Cryogenic liquid microjet (Frankfurt) Requirement from H targets: Target pipe & pumps Heavier targets: wires & foils Pellet target: O. Nordhage (GSI/Uppsala) Nozzle and cold head Cluster jet profile Genova/FNAL cluster jet target @ GSI H.Orth et al.

19. Carsten Schwarz, EXA08, Vienna Microvertex detector Layout of MVD General structure: - 4 barrels & 8 disks - inner layers pixels - outer layers strips - (forward mixed) Pixel part: - hybrid pixels 100 x100 μm 2 - 140 modules - 13 M channels - 0.15 m 2 Strip part: - double sided silicon - 400 modules - 70k channels - 0.5 m 2 barrelsdisks beam pipe target pipe p _ 390 mm

20. Carsten Schwarz, EXA08, Vienna Micro Vertex Detector, Readout Self-triggering electronics Pixel readout: Custom pixel chip TOPIX: ASIC in 0.13µm CMOS First prototype: Preamp & discriminator Analog output Microstrip readout: 128-channel ASIC for strips Prototype n-XYTER chip for DETNI (FP6) Fast timing shaper/amplifier with comparator Slow channel for analog r/o with peak detector Token ring readout of hit channels Next iteration with lower power consumption

21. Carsten Schwarz, EXA08, Vienna Central Tracker STT Cylindrical Straw Tube Tracker ~5000 straws in 21-27 layers 30µm Al-mylar tube, Ø=1cm, l=1.5 m R in = 16 cm, R out = 42 cm Self-supporting straw layers at  1 bar overpressure (Ar/CO 2 ) ➔ Light detector with X/X 0 ~ 1.0-1.3 % Axial layers:  r  ~ 150µm, A    ~ 98% Skewed layers:  z ~ 2.9 mm, A    ~ 90-95 % Momentum resolution:  pt / p t ~ 1.2 %  pt / p t ~ 1.2 %

22. Carsten Schwarz, EXA08, Vienna Central Tracker - TPC option General layout: GEM-TPC Multi-GEM stack for amplification and ion backflow suppression Gas: Ne/CO 2 (+CH 4 /CF 4 ) 100 k pads of 2 x 2 mm 2 50-70 µs drift, 500 events overlap Simulations:  p/p ~ 1% dE/dx resolution ~ 6% Challenges: space charge build-up continuous sampling Requirements: Field homogeneity better 2% ∫B r /B z dz < 2mm

23. Carsten Schwarz, EXA08, Vienna Forward GEM Trackers Layout of GEM Detectors Four sectors with each: Radius 15cm<r<45cm 400 radial strips (600-1800 µm pitch) 500 concentric strips (600 µm pitch) Central area (3cm<r<15cm) 400 radial strips (100-600 µm pitch) 300 concentric strips (400µm pitch) Total 6400 channels per plane Gas Electron Multiplier Copper coated foil with holes, HV across → secondary gas amplification stage Cascadable Independent of readout structures Robust and flexible

24. Carsten Schwarz, EXA08, Vienna PANDA PID Requirements: Particle identification essential for PANDA Momentum range 200 MeV/c – 10 GeV/c Different process for PID needed PID Processes: Cherenkov radiation: above 1 GeV Radiators: quartz, aerogel, C4F10 Energy loss: below 1 GeV Best accuracy with TPC Time of flight Problem: no start detector Electromagnetic showers: EMC for e and γ dE/dX by TPC Forward ToF

25. Carsten Schwarz, EXA08, Vienna DIRC - barrel Detection of Internally Reflected Cherenkov light Different Cherenkov angles give different reflection angles PANDA DIRC similar to BaBar 96 Fused silica bars, 2.6m length Water tank & 7000 PMTs Alternative readout: (x,y,t), mirrors, lenses Schwiening

26. Carsten Schwarz, EXA08, Vienna Frontend Dirc – Focussing option Glasgow/Edinburgh LiF for dispersion correction has smaller |dn/d | than SiO 2 focussing better than 1mm flat focal plane fused silica LiF K. Foehl

27. Carsten Schwarz, EXA08, Vienna Frontend DIRC - TOP option Giessen dichroic mirrors as colour filters two wavelength bands dispersion correction different and longer path lengths single photon resolution  t ~30-50ps required time-of-propagation [ns] φ [deg] 0 reflections 1 reflection 2 reflections 3 reflections

28. Carsten Schwarz, EXA08, Vienna Electromagnetic Calorimeters ● Backward Endcap 800 Crystals Worse resolution due to service lines of trackers Needed for hermeticity ● Forward Endcap 4000 PWO crystals High occupancy in center Readout LA APD or vacuum triodes ● Barrel Calorimeter 11000 PWO Crystals LA APD readout σ(E)/E~1.5%/√E + const. ● Forward Shashlyk ● (after dipole magnet) 350 channels Readout via PMTs σ(E)/E~4%/√E + const.

29. Carsten Schwarz, EXA08, Vienna Benefits of PWO High density → compact detector Hermetic coverage and fine granularity Fast scintillator Good resolution Challenges Radiation damage of crystals Temperature stabilization to 0.1 o C In PANDA: Low energy photons (few MeV) Increase PWO light yield Operation at -25 o C Higher output crystals PWO-II from BCTP (Bogoroditsk Plant of Technochemical Products) Large area APDs Crystal Design Tapered PWO crystals Length 200mm, front face 20x20 mm 2 Carbon fibre alveoles as housing Contract for (BCTB) PWO crystal production has been signed in Bochum on September, 3rd 2008.

30. Carsten Schwarz, EXA08, Vienna U Basel IHEP Beijing U Bochum U Bonn U & INFN Brescia U & INFN Catania Cracow JU,TU, IFJ PAN GSI Darmstadt TU Dresden JINR Dubna (LIT,LPP,VBLHE) U Edinburgh U Erlangen NWU Evanston U & INFN Ferrara U Frankfurt LNF-INFN Frascati U & INFN Genova U Glasgow U Gießen KVI Groningen U Helsinki IKP Jülich I + II U Katowice IMP Lanzhou U Mainz U & Politecnico & INFN Milano U Minsk Moscow, ITEP & MPEI TU München U Münster BINP Novosibirsk LAL Orsay U Pavia IHEP Protvino PNPI Gatchina U of Silesia U Stockholm KTH Stockholm U & INFN Torino Politechnico di Torino U Oriente, Torino U & INFN Trieste U Tübingen U & TSL Uppsala U Valencia SMI Vienna SINS Warsaw U Warsaw More than 420 physicists from 55 institutions in 17 countries The PANDA collaboration

31. Carsten Schwarz, EXA08, Vienna is a versatile QCD experiment using antiprotons: Large acceptance and double spectrometer Tracking and vertexing capabilities Particle identification and calorimetry Flexible data acquisition & trigger Novel techniques in detector and readout design Physics Book is just finished Technical Design until 2010 Commissioning in 2015 Conclusion & Outlook