1. Krebs or ETC First? http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26849/ http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/abscicon2010/ pdf/5624.pdf http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Cit ric_acid_cycle

2. Monday November 9 th ½ Day Turn in – Population Practice Worksheet And Chicken Article with Questions Agenda: Ch 54 Communities Part 1 Mark and Recapture: Fish Frenzy Reminder: Chapter 52 and 53 Quiz Tomorrow Do Now: Each female of a particular fish species produces millions of eggs per year. Draw and label the most likely survivorship curve for this species, and explain your choice.(52-55)

3. Sample Review Question: 1.In your research on population dynamics of June beetles, you estimate that the population size is 3,000. Over the course of a month, you record 400 births and 150 deaths in the population. Estimate the growth rate. 2.If the population continues at this growth rate, estimate the population size in 6 months.

4. Sample Review Questions: A.Temperate grassland B.Tropical forest C.Tundra D.Desert 1. Characterized by permafrost and few large plants 2. Characterized by epiphytes, a significant canopy, and abundant rainfall 3. Characterized by occasional fires, nutrient-rich soil, and large grazing animals 4. Characterized by sparse rainfall and extreme daily temperature fluctuations

5. Classifying pictures: Organism, population, community, ecosystem, biome P.101 1 2 6 5 4 3 89 7

6. Community Ecology

7. Interactions and Interdependence Ecology is the scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their physical environment. Interactions produce a web of interdependence between organisms and the environments in which they live. Small changes have large effects due to this intricate system of relationships.

8. Niche and Habitat Niche: Species do not occupy all parts of an ecosystem at once. * Competitive Exclusion Principle A niche is the specific role or job of an organism in its environment ▫Generalist: Broad niche, Opossum ▫Specialist: Narrow niche, Koala Which would more likely survive changes to their habitat (where they live)? What would happen if two species occupied the same niche?

10. Changing Environments Organisms are able to survive within a limited range of environmental conditions. This range is known as its tolerance curve. Some organisms can adjust their tolerance to abiotic factors through the process of acclimation. Three ways that organisms can temporarily escape from unsuitable conditions: Migration, Dormancy, Hibernation

11. Consumers (Heterotrophs) Scavengers Decomposers, such as bacteria and fungi Carnivores Herbivores Detritivores Omnivores

12. Concept 54.2 Physical and chemical factors limit primary production in ecosystems ▫Primary Production: Amount Light E > Chemical E  Gross (GPP)  Net (NPP) ** Key Number (Gross-Needed by Plants) ▫Entire ecosystem’s energy budget (spending limit) depends on autotrophs  Rainforest versus Desert Biomes  Terrestrial Biomes 2/3 and Aquatic 1/3 ▫Of the visible light that reaches photosynthetic organisms, only about 1% is converted to chemical energy. (170 billion tons per year) ▫Limits: Light Availability, Nutrients, Temperature, (Water in Terrestrial Biomes)

14. Ch. 55 Warm-Up – DO this after the quiz. 1.Draw an energy pyramid and label the following trophic levels: ▫Primary producer ▫Primary consumer ▫Secondary consumer ▫Tertiary consumer 2.What is an example of an organism at each level of the pyramid in #1? 3.If 5000 J of energy is available in producers, how much of that energy would be available to tertiary consumers?

15. Feeding Relationships Food Chain: Single pathway of feeding relationships Grass > Mouse > Snake > Hawk Food Web: Shows feeding relationships in an ecosystem, which are usually complex. Shows Interrelated, multiple food chains Energy flows when one organism eats another, molecules are metabolized and energy is transferred.

16. Biomass – organic material produced in an ecosystem, stores energy A trophic level shows the organism’s position in a sequence of energy transfers. Producers: Primary trophic level Consumer, Herbivores: Secondary trophic level Consumer, Omnivores, Carnivores: Tertiary trophic level

17. 10% Rule Low transfer Two reasons: ▫Escape predation or die and decompose – do not pass to higher trophic level ▫No E transfer is 100% efficient (Respiration, Digestion, Migrate) Food chains usually do not exceed 3-4 levels ▫Not enough E available to support another level. Areas can support a greater number of herbivores than carnivores, more E avail All levels connected by decomposition.

18. Trophic level Secondary consumers Primary consumers Primary producers The dynamics of energy through ecosystems have important implications for the human population

20. Community Interaction Competition – For resources - space and food. No two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time. * Competitive Exclusion Principle * Resource Partitioning Herbivory Disease Predation: It is an interaction in which an organism captures and feeds on another organism. ▫Predator ▫Prey Symbiosis and Co-Evolution: Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism

21. Natural Selection When competition does not lead to the local extinction of either species, it is generally because evolution by natural selection results in modification of the resources ▫Resource Partitioning ▫Character Displacement Natural selection favors adaptations of predators and prey. ▫Acute senses and weaponry such as claws, fangs, stingers, or poison to help catch and subdue prey. ▫Camouflage, Chemical Defense, Hide, Run, Mimicry

22. Community Interaction – Symbiotic Relationships

24. November 10 Agenda: Quiz on Ch 52 and 53 Ch 54 Part 2 Case Study Invading Bullfrogs – Due Thurs. BRING TEXTBOOK TOMORROW Understanding the text Warm-Up When one species was removed from the tidal pool, the species richness became significantly reduced. The removed species was probably a.The species with the greatest biomass b.A potent parasite. c.The species with the highest relative abundance. d.A keystone species.

25. Concept 53.2 Dominant and keystone species exert strong controls on community structure Species diversity is a fundamental aspect of community structure. A small number of species exert strong control on that community’s structure Species diversity has two components. ▫Species richness is the total number of different species in the community. ▫The relative abundance of the diff species is the proportion each species to the total # individuals ▫Species diversity is dependent on both species richness and relative abundance. Measuring species diversity may be difficult, but is essential for understanding community structure and for conserving biodiversity. Trophic structure is a key factor in community dynamics.

26. The structure of a community may be controlled from the bottom up by nutrients or from the top down by predators. Examples of KeyStone Species: _________ Examples of Ecosystem Engineers: Beavers Ecosystems can also be controlled from the bottom up: Nutrients availability Disturbances ▫Human Ecological Succession

27. Communities change over time. Nothing is stagnant.

28. What is ecological succession? Gradual, sequential growth and change of a community of species in an area ▫Vacant lots, roads, sideways, parking lots (weeds)

29. Two Types – Type One ▫Primary Succession: Did not support life previously  Rock, sand dune, new volcanic island  Soil not present Pioneer Species: Dominate early, tend to be small and grow quickly, invade and disturb habitats (LICHEN)

30. Two Types – Type Two ▫Secondary Succession: Replacement of species following a disruption  Forest fire, storm, humans mining  Soil present

31. Climax Community: Stable endpoint, the community proceeds through predictable series until it reaches this point

32. Did you get it? Where is exponential growth by a plant species more likely? In an area where a forest was destroyed by fire, or in a mature, undisturbed forest, and why?

34. Invasive Species Non-native to a specific area Pose a threat because they interrupt the food chain There are no natural predators or way to control their population growth Hulls of ships, people bring them as pets, release into the wild, airplanes

36. Wednesday 11/11/15 WarmUp: Complete the Ch 54.1 Warm-Up Worksheet with a partner. Assignment: 1.BioMagnification Notes 2.Work on Google Docs (Today and about 20 minutes tomorrow) ▫1 st – Share with you. ▫2 nd – Share with the rest. ▫3 rd – Pick topics. ▫4 th – Research and edit.

37. 3. Competition for NUTS, Predation – Owl feeding, Owl – Keystone Species 4. Disturbance – invasive species, Competition, Top- down control

38. Sharks and Symbiosis SharkProject.Org Pilot fish unfortunately do not live up to their name. In contrast to what used to be assumed earlier, they do not lead the shark to its prey, but profit from the shark as a commensalist. This includes protection from other predators and profit from leftover food. Sometimes they even “surf” on the shark’s bow wave, i.e. in the water collecting in front of the shark’s nose – an energy saving way of moving.

39. Sharks and Symbiosis SharkProject.Org Remora are active on the shark’s body surface almost all the time to find a beneficial position. Sharks appear “annoyed by the continuous harassment” since they often attach themselves to sensitive areas. National Science Foundation and AnimalDiversity.Org “The Remora is not considered to be a parasite, despite its being attached to the host. Instead they are considered to have a commensal relationship with their host, since they do not hurt the host and are just along for the ride. It has been suggested that the relationship is symbiotic since the Remora can obtain its food acting as a cleaner fish and removing parasites from the host, thus benefitting both. It is not known whether the sharks tolerate the Remora's presence or are just unable to catch them.”

40. Sharks and Symbiosis SharkProject.Org Cleaner fish are the only currently known symbiote of the shark. At a reef, the sharks regularly visit the cleaning stations of these small fish to have them remove annoying ectoparasites that serve as food for the cleaner fish in turn. The cleaner fish can profit from the rich offer of food. Picture: Lemon Shark and Cleaner Fish Information also noted at the Marine Megafauna Foundation (.org)

41. Biomagnification Also known as bioamplification or biological magnification, is the increase in concentration of a substance (toxin) that occurs in a food chain as a consequence of: Persistence (can't be broken down by environmental processes) Food chain energetics Low (or nonexistent) rate of internal degradation

42. Classic Example in History: DDT and the Bald Eagle Sprayed as insecticide (mosquitoes) ▫Prevent spread of Malaria (WW2) “Miracle” Drug ▫Nontoxic ▫Broad-spectrum insecticide ▫Long lasting ▫Insoluble in water ▫Cheap

43. Example: DDT and the Bald Eagle Sprayed over 1 mil acres DDT did not dissolve in water ▫Lakes, streams, underground Worms and plankton absorbed DDT into their bodies. Fish Eagles, osprey and other predators consumed the DDT when they ate their prey.

44. Example: DDT and the Bald Eagle Accumulating in the fatty tissue of the bald eagle Causing thinning of the bald eagle eggs ▫Young not surviving  Becoming endangered

45. Example: DDT and BioMag The Silent Spring- 1960s Rachel Carson DDT Banned in the United States 1972 Used: Africa, Asia Problem: Migratory Birds

46. Extinction Likely to become endangered in the near future 12% Known Bird Species 21% Known Mammal Species 200 of 20,000 plant species in USA 123 Freshwater fauna since 1900 US Endangered Species Act ▫In danger of extinction throughout significant portion of its range 73 of 20,000 plant species Threatened vs. Endangered African Elephant Grizzly Bear

48. Thursday 11/12/15 Warm Up: Ch 55.1 Worksheet (Work with a partner to complete) Assignment: -Finish Google Doc Bullfrogs Due Today! Dutch Elm Disease * New Disease Destroying Native Species* - Brought here on ships from Europe, logs Destroyed urban and forest populations - Spread throughout entire USA, Most devastating shade tree disease in history

50. Friday 11/13/15 WarmUp: Ch 54.2 Worksheet (Complete with a partner) Agenda: 1.Finish Lecture on Ch 55 and 56: Human Impact and Restoration 2.Mark and Recapture Prac. PROJECTS ARE DUE!

51. Bioremediation – bacteria to clean up contaminants - groundwater contaminated with uranium, oil spills

52. Ecological Restoration - renewing and restoring degraded, damaged, or destroyed ecosystems and habitats Involve the purification of air and water Detox of wastes Regeneration of soil fertility Pollination of crops Biological Augmentation: Adds desirable species (bacteria) to add nutrients to an area

53. Eutrophication Natural process. Accelerated by human activities - fertilizers. The fertilizers (nitrogen) feed the algae which grow rapidly. The algae blocks sunlight from other plants/animals and causing oxygen suffocation (anoxia) Destroying lakes and streams if it gets out of hand. Harmful Algal Blooms - News Article

54. Rising atmospheric CO 2 ▫ Since the Industrial Revolution, the concentration of CO 2 in the atmosphere has increased greatly as a result of burning fossil fuels.

55. Global Climate Change Snow and rainfall patterns shifting Floods, drought Intense rainfall Frequent and severe heat waves How do geological events impact ecosystems? El Nino

59. NASA Video Clip: Daily Arctic Sea Ice Changes Temperature set to exceed 1 degree C News Article

60. Human impact on local and global ecology: Strive for sustainability: ▫Using natural resources in a way that allows them to remain diverse and productive over time. ▫If we know what it means – why aren’t we doing it? Scientific Ingenuity and Carbon

61. Question Which the following is a correct description of ozone in the upper atmosphere? A.It is composed of O2 B.It limits the amount of radiation available for photosynthesis C.It is thinning, partially as a result of wide- spread use of chlorine-containing compounds. D.It is a result of widespread burning of fossil fuels.

62. Cycling of Material

63. Question A combination of the carbon, water, nitrogen, and phosphorous cycles are known as the _________________ cycles.

64. Recycling of Materials Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen Unlike the 1-way flow of energy, matter is recycled within and between ecosystems. The living and nonliving worlds. Name of the cycle: Biogeochemical Cycles ▫Connect biological, geological, and chemical aspects of the biosphere

65. Water Cycle

66. Carbon Cycle CO 2 removed by photosynthesis, added by burning fossil fuels Phytoplankton – Large carbon sink Carbon is released into the atmosphere by all of the following except: A.Respiration B.Burning Fossil Fuels C.Photosynthesis D.Decomposition

67. Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen fixation: ▫N 2  plants by bacteria Nitrification: ▫ammonium  nitrite  nitrate ▫Absorbed by plants Denitrification: ▫Release N to atmosphere

68. Question What percentage of our atmospheric gas is composed of nitrogen? A.5% B.25% C.90% D.78%

69. Phosphorus Cycle Not found as a gas. Weathering of rocks. Important for building and maintaining bones, teeth, DNA, RNA

71. Review Questions

72. Question #1 Which of the following descriptions about the organization of an ecosystem is correct? a. Communities make up species, which make up populations. b. Populations make up species, which make up communities. c. Species make up communities, which make up populations. d. Species make up populations, which make up communities.

73. Question #2 The lowest level of environmental complexity that includes living and nonliving factors is the a. biome. b. community. c. ecosystem. d. biosphere.

74. Question #3 Extinction of CARP Effects on: 1. Blue Heron 2. Leopard Frog 3. Alligator

75. Question #4

76. Question #5 If the first trophic level has 72,048,217 Joules of energy, how much does the 4th trophic level have? A. 720,4821.7 Joules B. 720,482.17 Joules C. 72,048.217 Joules D. 7,204.8217 Joules

77. Question #6

78. Macromolecule Review Final Question The monomers that make up polymeric carbohydrates like starch are called A. nucleotides. B. trisaccharides. C. monosaccharides. D. nucleosides. E. fatty acids. When a protein becomes nonfunctional as a result of a change in its environment, it is A. permanent. B. reversible. C. denatured. D. egg white. E. environmentalized.