1. Blood and Lymphatic System PBP Summer 2016 Presented by KayOnda Bayo bkayonda@yahoo.com 1

2. Blood System Overview  Blood transports oxygen and nutrients to body cells  Blood removes carbon dioxide and other waste products from body cells for elimination 2

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5. Blood and Hematopoiesis

6. Functions of Blood Transportation of nutritive elements and waste products throughout the circulatory system to appropriate tissuesTransportation of nutritive elements and waste products throughout the circulatory system to appropriate tissues Transportation of humoral and cellular agents specific for immune defense against infection, foreign material and cancerous cellsTransportation of humoral and cellular agents specific for immune defense against infection, foreign material and cancerous cells Regulation of body temperatureRegulation of body temperature Maintenance of equilibrium in body metabolismMaintenance of equilibrium in body metabolism Transportation of hormonesTransportation of hormones

7. Hematopoiesis Higher Vertebrates Bone marrow, spleen lymph nodes, thymusBone marrow, spleen lymph nodes, thymus Lower Vertebrates Liver, kidney capsule, cranial capsule, genital organsLiver, kidney capsule, cranial capsule, genital organs Embryonic and Fetal Yolk sac, liver, spleen, and bone marrowYolk sac, liver, spleen, and bone marrow

8. Blood Plasma Homogeneous, alkaline fluidHomogeneous, alkaline fluid Contains albumin, globulins, water, inorganic ions, nutrients, and hormonesContains albumin, globulins, water, inorganic ions, nutrients, and hormones Percent of plasma in whole blood is about 55%Percent of plasma in whole blood is about 55%

9. Red Blood Cells

10. Erythrocyte Shape: bi-concave discs that carry O 2, nutritive Size: 4.5-5.0 million/mm 3. No organelles, only hemoglobin. Average life span of 120 days.

11. Reticulocyte  Final developmental stage of a RBC before mature erythrocyte forms.  Residual nuclear material exists after nucleus is expelled.  Presence of diffuse chromatin is the distinguishing factor.RNA stains blue with Supra-Vital staining.

12. Clinical Connections

13. Sickle Cell Anemia Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sickle-cell disease Anemia is the failure to maintain adequate hemoglobin concentration RBCs assume an abnormal, sickle shape which decreases flexibility Occurs because of a mutation in the hemoglobin gene

14. Granulocytes

15. Neutrophil  40-75% of white blood cells in circulation  Lifespan in circulation is 1 week, in tissue 1-4 days  Functions in acute inflammatory responses to injury by: secretion of enzymes and phagocytosis of damaged tissue and invading organisms  Multi-lobulated nucleus  Granules are small.

16. A B

17. Eosinophil  1-6% of white blood cells in circulation  Lifespan in circulation is 2 weeks  Active in parasitic invasion  Granules are very large and stain bright and acidophilic.

18. A

19. Basophil A: Basophil B: Erythrocyte. C: Thrombocyte  <1% of white blood cells in circulation.  Lifespan in circulation is 1-2 years.  Active during allergic reaction.  Releases histamine and heparin.  Dark purple staining large granules.  Obscure bi-lobuled nucleus.  Similar function to mast cells but reside in blood.

20. Agranulocytes

21. Monocyte A: Monocyte B: Erythrocyte  2-10% of white blood cells in circulation.  Largest of all WBCs.  Lifespan in circulation is 2-5 days in tissue 1-3 months.  Once stimulated by damaged tissue, they give rise to macrophages which are excellent phagocytes.  Have distinct bi-lobular nucleus.

22. Lymphocyte A: Lymphocyte B: Erythrocyte  20-50% of white blood cells in circulation.  Vary in size.  Lifespan in circulation is months to years.  Play central role in immunological defense mechanisms.  Round densely stained nucleus.

23. Clinical Connections

24. Leukemia Broad term covering a wide spectrum of diseases - acute and chronic Lymphocytic or myelogenous Characterized by an abnormal increase in immature WBCs Diagnosed via blood smear or bone marrow biopsy Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukemia

25. Review Name the cell types, percentage, lifespan and functionName the cell types, percentage, lifespan and function

26. Review WBC% of WBCLifespanFunction NeverNeutrophil40-75%Circulation: 1 week Tissue: 1-4 days Phagocyte LetLymphocyte20-50%Circulation: months to yearsGeneral immunity Inflammatory Response MonkeysMonocyte2-10%Circulation: 2-5 days Tissue: 1-3 months Phagocyte EatEosinophil1-6%Circulation: 2 weeksParasitic invasion BananasBasophil < 1% Circulation: 1-2 yearsAllergic response Secretes histamine and heparin RBCLifespan Erythrocytes120 days

27. Lymphatic System

28. Lymphoid Organs Spleen Largest lymphoid organLargest lymphoid organ Consists of red and white pulpConsists of red and white pulp Also a “storage” area for bloodAlso a “storage” area for bloodThymus First lymphoid organ to formFirst lymphoid organ to form Center for T cell developmentCenter for T cell development Lymphatic Aggregations Peyer’s patches in the ileumPeyer’s patches in the ileum AppendixAppendix TonsilTonsil

29. Lymph and Lymphatics Lymph Contains water, electrolytes, and variable amounts of proteinContains water, electrolytes, and variable amounts of protein Returned to the circulatory system via thoracic duct and main lymphatic ductReturned to the circulatory system via thoracic duct and main lymphatic duct Lymphatic Vascular System Principle function is to return fluid, plasma proteins, lymphocytes, and immunoglobins back to circulationPrinciple function is to return fluid, plasma proteins, lymphocytes, and immunoglobins back to circulation Picks up extracellular fluid from tissues and returns it to the circulatory systemPicks up extracellular fluid from tissues and returns it to the circulatory system

30. Lymphocyte Role in Immunity B Lymphocytes Originate from myeloid tissue and mature within bone marrowOriginate from myeloid tissue and mature within bone marrow Activated by antigens and eventually differentiate into plasma cells that secrete antibodiesActivated by antigens and eventually differentiate into plasma cells that secrete antibodies T Lymphocytes Originate from myeloid tissue and complete maturation in the thymusOriginate from myeloid tissue and complete maturation in the thymus Role in the destruction of foreign macromolecules, viruses and antigens without producing antibodiesRole in the destruction of foreign macromolecules, viruses and antigens without producing antibodies

31. Understanding the immune system

32. Immunity Refers to the body’s defense against foreign and harmful pathogenic microorganisms and substancesRefers to the body’s defense against foreign and harmful pathogenic microorganisms and substances Can be innate (non-specific) or adaptive (specific)Can be innate (non-specific) or adaptive (specific)

33. The immune system Innate and Adaptive Immunity Innate and Adaptive Immunity First, Second, and Third lines of immune defense First, Second, and Third lines of immune defense

34. Features of innate and adaptive immunity

35. Third line of defense

36. Antigens and antibodies Antigen Antigen substance that provokes a highly specific immune response (ex. Spikes on a viral envelope)substance that provokes a highly specific immune response (ex. Spikes on a viral envelope) Recognition of self vs. non- selfRecognition of self vs. non- self Antibodies are proteins made in response to an antigen Antibodies are proteins made in response to an antigen Recognize and respond to antigenRecognize and respond to antigen Facilitate the neutralization or destruction of the antigenFacilitate the neutralization or destruction of the antigen

38. Duality of Adaptive Immunity