1. Democratization and Neoliberalism

2. Repressive Governments in Latin America Nicaragua 1936-79 Nicaragua 1936-79 Guatemala 1954-1984 Guatemala 1954-1984 Cuba 1959- Cuba 1959- Ecuador 1960-79 Ecuador 1960-79 Bolivia 1964-82 Bolivia 1964-82 Brazil 1964-1985 Brazil 1964-1985 Uruguay 1968-84 Uruguay 1968-84 Panama 1968-89Panama 1968-89 Peru 1968-75Peru 1968-75 Paraguay 1970s-1989Paraguay 1970s-1989 Chile 1970-89Chile 1970-89 Argentina 1976-83Argentina 1976-83

3. Democratization in Latin America Variety of causes but include: Variety of causes but include: Inability of military regimes to maintain legitimacy to rule Inability of military regimes to maintain legitimacy to rule Inability of military regimes to create economic growth in the long term inconsistent with goals of international business Inability of military regimes to create economic growth in the long term inconsistent with goals of international business Low intensity warfare, changed international situation, and military stalemates create political solutions in Central America Low intensity warfare, changed international situation, and military stalemates create political solutions in Central America Poster for the plebiscite in Chile

4. Violeta Chamorro with presidential sash 1990 Nicaraguan election 1990 International monitoring of elections FSLN loses election Polls indicate they would win Loss a major blow Major gain from democracy when Sandinistas step down, become opposition party 2006 Daniel Ortega elected president of Nicaragua – 38% of vote

5. Hugo Chávez (Venezuela) and Daniel Ortega (Nicaragua)

6. El Salvador – Civil War to Peace Accords 1980-1992

7. Salvadoran Civil War 1979-92 Consequences and Aftermath 1980 Assassination of Romero 1980s Salvadoran diaspora 1989 – FMLN offensive, military stalemate 1991 UN Peace Accords – FMLN becomes a political party 2009 Mauricio Funes FMLN – elected President of El Salvador and takes office Celebrating the Peace Accord

8. UN Mediated Accords 1991- 1992 Reduction in armed forces, disbanding of National Guard and National Police Demobilization of guerrillas Former guerrillas receive land and agricultural credits End of US military aid UN Truth Commission Wall of remembrance, San Salvador

9. Mara Salvatrucha Mara Salvatrucha gang member 1980s Salvadoran diaspora 1980s Founding of Mara Salvatrucha – Los Angeles Extreme violence Drug trafficking Exploitation of migrants Area of Activity

10. Chile’s Return to Democracy, 1988 Pinochet government seeks to remain in power 1988 Pinochet government seeks to remain in power 1988 Chilean voters given choice of “Yes” or “No” in plebiscite Chilean voters given choice of “Yes” or “No” in plebiscite

11. “NO” wins – military loses bid to remain in power Chile moves toward democracy 2005 election Michelle Bachelet, daughter of Air Force general tortured and died under Pinochet regime Poster for the “No” campaign in the plebiscite

12. Panama Carter-Torrijos Treaty 1977 Death of Torrijos 1981 Rise of Gen. Manuel Noriega, alumnus of the School of the Americas Panama a center of money laundering and cocaine trafficking

13. Operation “Just Cause” 1989-90 U.S. breaks with international law and US government policies about direct intervention Aim to try Pres. Manuel Noriega in US on drug trafficking charges Shooting of US Marine precipitates George H.W. Bush’s intervention - 25,000 troops Capture of Noriega Jan. 1990, tried in the US, serving 40-yr sentence in Miami

14. Mexican Elections 1988 Split in the Institutional Revolutionary Party Split in the Institutional Revolutionary Party Viable candidate from the right – PAN Viable candidate from the right – PAN Genuine competition in campaign Genuine competition in campaign Massive electoral fraud on election day Massive electoral fraud on election day

15. 1988 Election “Results” Smallest ever margin of victory for the PRI Smallest ever margin of victory for the PRI Political challenges to results Political challenges to results Concerns about massive mobilization and military intervention Concerns about massive mobilization and military intervention Cárdenas’s restraint probably prevented civil war Cárdenas’s restraint probably prevented civil war Creates of new political party Creates of new political party

16. Mexican Electoral Reform Expansion of “Civil Society” Expansion of “Civil Society” Greater diversity of parties in congress Greater diversity of parties in congress Greater representation of PAN, PRD Greater representation of PAN, PRD Open political debate Open political debate 1990 Creation of the independent federal institute overseeing elections - IFE 1990 Creation of the independent federal institute overseeing elections - IFE

17. New Government Policy Goals: PRI adopts neoliberal, pro-business policies of the PAN – neoliberalism PRI adopts neoliberal, pro-business policies of the PAN – neoliberalism Free trade (remove tariffs and other protections) Free trade (remove tariffs and other protections) Promote private enterprise Promote private enterprise Invite foreign investment, esp. US Invite foreign investment, esp. US Crackdown on corruption – PEMEX union Crackdown on corruption – PEMEX union

18. Implementation of Mexican Neoliberal Policies Sweeping top-down political change to create modernity Sweeping top-down political change to create modernity Maquiladoras Maquiladoras Foreign investment, esp. US Foreign investment, esp. US Re-privatization of banks nationalized 1982 under López Portillo Re-privatization of banks nationalized 1982 under López Portillo Dismantle inefficient state enterprises Dismantle inefficient state enterprises

19. Carlos Slim, world’s richest man Privatization of Mexican state enterprises Privatization of Mexican state enterprises Purchase of Telmex 1990 Purchase of Telmex 1990 Integrated business empire Integrated business empire

20. North American Free Trade Act Free trade pact between the U.S. and Canada Free trade pact between the U.S. and Canada Salinas’s promotion of Mexico’s joining NAFTA Salinas’s promotion of Mexico’s joining NAFTA Violation of the “11 th commandment of Mexican politics”: Thou shalt not trust Americans Violation of the “11 th commandment of Mexican politics”: Thou shalt not trust Americans

21. Campaign for Mexico in NAFTA Salinas argues that agreement would decrease illegal Mexican migration Salinas argues that agreement would decrease illegal Mexican migration Complementary economies of Mexico and US (+Canada) would be beneficial to all Complementary economies of Mexico and US (+Canada) would be beneficial to all

22. Opposition to NAFTA In Mexico Political left Peasants Some business people In U.S. Anti-globalization activists Labor unions Environmentalists

24. Rebellion in Chiapas Selva Lacandona Marginal land, sparsely settled Becomes multiethnic zone of settlement Religious diversity “Folk” Catholics Liberation theology Evangelical Protestants Central American refugees Political consciousness raised

25. Bishop Samuel Ruiz, liberation theologian, Chiapas, Mexico 1974 Ruiz calls together groups of indigenous who realize that they have issues in common Rise of the new Zapatistas who are committed to action by violence if necessary 1994 Zapatista rebellion 1994 Ruiz acts as mediator between Mexican government and Zapatistas

26. “ Where is the liberty that Brother Bartolomé left us? Well, compañeros, Brother Bartolomé is no longer alive. We have made this Congress in his name, he is dead and we can’t expect another. Who will defend us against injustice and give us liberty? … I believe that all of us organized together can have liberty and can work better. All of together can be Bartolomé.” Testimonio, Congreso Indígena, Chiapas 1974 Fray Bartolomé de Las Casas, 16 th c. Bishop of Chiapas

27. UN Convention on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples 1991 Governments shall have the responsibility for developing, with the participation of the peoples concerned, coordinated and systematic action to protect the rights of these [indigenous and tribal] peoples and to guarantee respect for their dignity. www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/62.htm

28. Columbus Quincentennial, 1992 “Encounter” v. “Discovery” “Encounter” v. “Discovery” Mobilization of Latin American indigenous peoples – creation of grassroots organizations Mobilization of Latin American indigenous peoples – creation of grassroots organizations Indigenous utilize gain visibility nationally – UN, NGOs Indigenous utilize gain visibility nationally – UN, NGOs Rigoberta Menchú, 1992 Nobel Peace Prize laureate

29. Subcomandante Marcos Rafael Sebastián Guillén Vicente, University professor EZLN – Ejercito Zapatista de Liberación Nacional Chiapas

30. Zapatista Timeline January 1, 1994: 3,000 members January 1, 1994: 3,000 members of EZLN occupy 6 large towns in Chiapas Armed rebellion lasts 12 days— Armed rebellion lasts 12 days— cease fire in Jan. 12 Peace talks begin Feb. 1994 Peace talks begin Feb. 1994 Oct. 1994: Beginning of San Oct. 1994: Beginning of San Andrés Accords talks Feb. 1996: EZLN and Mexican government sign San Andrés Accords Feb. 1996: EZLN and Mexican government sign San Andrés Accords Dec. 1996: President Zedillo formally rejects the accords Dec. 1996: President Zedillo formally rejects the accords Dec. 22, 1997: Acteal Massacre of peasants Dec. 22, 1997: Acteal Massacre of peasants June 1998: Bishop Samuel Ruiz ends attempts to mediate peace, accuses government of repression June 1998: Bishop Samuel Ruiz ends attempts to mediate peace, accuses government of repression 2000: Newly elected President Fox promises to “resolve the problem in Chiapas in 15 minutes” 2000: Newly elected President Fox promises to “resolve the problem in Chiapas in 15 minutes”

31. First Declaration from the Lacandon Jungle: Dec. 31, 1993 We are the product of 500 years of struggle: first against slavery, then during the War of Independence against Spain…later the dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz denied us the just application of the Reform Laws…They don’t care that we have nothing, absolutely nothing… But today we say ENOUGH IS ENOUGH…The dispossessed, we are millions, and we thereby call upon our bothers and sisters to join us in this struggle as the only path, so that we will not die of hunger due to…a clique of traitors…the same ones who opposed Hidalgo and Morelos…the same ones who massacred the railroad workers in1958 and the students in 1968, the same ones who today take everything from us, absolutely everything.

34. “The indigenous peoples understand that they have to recover their cultural identity, or to live it if they have already recovered it. They also understand that this is not a favor or a concession, but simply their natural right to be recognized as belonging to a culture that is distinct from the Western culture, a culture in which they have to live their own faith.” Bishop Samuel Ruiz, Chiapas, Mexico

35. 2000 Elections Competitive elections Competitive elections Institute of Federal Elections Institute of Federal Elections International observers International observers Victory for National Action Party – Vicente Fox Victory for National Action Party – Vicente Fox Mandate for change Mandate for change