1. PART 1 THE ROMAN REPUBLIC Study Guide Answers

2. 1. Describe the geography of Italy. In geography terms, Italy is a peninsula.

3. 2. Name the two mountain ranges and their location. Alps- Northern Italy Apennines- Central/Middle

4. 3. What river was Rome built upon? Rome was built on the banks of the Tiber river. It was built there to honor the spot where Romulus and Remus were rescued by the wolf. The river is also important because it is a freshwater source and an avenue for trade.

5. 4. Who was Cincinnatus? What was he known for? He was farmer in Rome that was chosen to be dictator in 458 BC because Rome was being attacked. He quickly defeated his enemies and left his job as dictator well before his six month term was up. He is viewed as a strong and noble leader.

6. 5. Roman Social Structure

7. 6. Why were the tribunes so important? Tribunes- office could only be held by Plebeians and controlled the power of the veto

8. 7. Explain checks and balances Part 1- Magistrates- run the city and manage the army. Top two magistrates were the consuls. Two consuls must always be in place so that one does not gain more power than the other. Both magistrates and consuls were elected annually. Part 2- Senate- served for life- very influential- job was the advise the consuls, had been around before the Republic. First was only Patricians- but later wealthy Plebeians could join too. Part 3- Two branch system- both elected annually Assemblies- both classes participated- their primary job was to elect the magistrates who ran the city of Rome. Also approved laws and could declare war Tribunes- office could only be held by Plebeians and controlled the power of the veto

9. 8. In what way was the Roman law of the Twelve tables similar to the U.S. constitution? They both were written to protect people’s rights.

10. 9. What are examples of Roman civic duty? Civic duty was important to Romans. They did the following activities to improve their society: Attend assembly meetings Vote in elections Hold public office

11. 10. What does forum mean in latin? Public place

12. 11. Why did the Romans expand their trade network? They needed to bring in food from the other parts of the Mediterranean for their growing population.

13. 12. Who attacked Rome in 218 BC? Hannibal considered to be one of the greatest military generals of the ancient world. He led an attack on Rome in 218 BC and began the second Punic War.

14. 13. Why did Roman coins spread throughout the Mediterranean? Roman influence and wealth spread throughout the region as they increased trade to feed their populations.

15. 14. Describe the Punic Wars The Punic Wars were a series of 3 wars against Carthage, a city in Northern Africa that lasted over the course of a 120 years. During the first and second Punic War, Carthage attacked Rome first. Rome won both wars. During the 2 nd fought Hannibal in many battles and finally defeated him in the battle of Zama. During the last Punic War, the Romans attack Carthage, and then upon their defeat of Carthage burn the city, kill most of its people, sell the rest into slavery, and throw salt over where the city used to be so nothing would ever grow there again.

16. 15. Who were the Gracchus brothers? Why are they important? Brothers who were both tribunes. Wanted to help the poor. Riots broke out over their actions. Romans saw that violence could be used as a political weapon.

17. 16. Gaius Marius He allowed poor men to join the Roman armies and became a great military leader with great influence because of this.

18. 23. Who was Lucius Cornelius Sulla? What did he do? Lucius Cornelius Sulla became a consul in 88 BC and quickly became a rival of Gaius Marius. He created his own army, which led to a civil war in Rome. Sulla declared himself as dictator and used his power to punish enemies. Keep the Senate though, and increased it’s power to ensure his power.

19. 18. What happened to the followers of Spartacus? Spartacus dies in battle. The rebellion falls apart- the slaves are captured. Marcus Crassus crucifies 6,000 of Spartacus's followers on the road between Rome and Capua to set an example.

20. 19. Who founded Rome? Romulus & Remus

21. PART 2 Roman Empire

22. 21. If you were to visit Rome in 70 BC… Rome was chaotic and dangerous Generals fighting for power against the politicians

23. 22. Who was Cicero? What did he want? He was a philosopher Make Rome a better place Limit power of generals Restore power of Senators

24. 23. What country did Caesar conquer 58- 50 BC? Gaul

25. 24. Who made up Rome’s First Triumvirate? Julius Caesar Pompey Marcus Crassus

26. 25. How did Caesar’s killers think they would be treated? What happened? They thought they’d be treated like heroes, but were chased out of Rome and killed by Antony and Octavian’s forces.

27. 26. What event led to a civil war between Antony and Octavian? Marc Antony divorced Octavian’s sister and married Cleopatra.

28. 27. What does Augustus mean? “Revered one” = respected one

29. 28. What helped expand Roman trade? The Romans developed currency in the form of coins nearly everyone accepted.

30. 29. Pax Romana A 200 year period of peace and prosperity

31. 30. What architectural feature did aqueducts use? Use of arches made it structurally sound

32. 31. Roman art Realistic sculptures and paintings

33. 32. Roman architecture Large, strong buildings Columns and open spaces Domes, arches, and vaults

34. 33. Roman engineering Excellent, durable roads Strong bridges Aqueducts move water Building designs inspired later societies

35. 34. Roman languages Developed from Latin, the language of Rome

36. 35. Accomplishments of Roman engineering and architecture Road construction in layers Use of arches and vaults Invention of aqueducts to carry water

37. 36. Define civil law A legal system based on a written code of laws

38. 37. Why did the Romans worship many gods? They didn’t know which ones existed, so they worshipped all of them.

39. 38. How did Jews feel under Roman rule? They resented Roman rule because their religious practices were banned and they were taxed heavily

40. 39. What marks the shift from BC  AD? The birth of Jesus of Nazareth

41. 40. What happened that led to Jesus’ arrest and crucifixion? The Romans feared Jesus’ charisma (being well-liked) made him a threat to the empire.

42. 41. Describe the extent of Roman Empire at its height Centered on Mediterranean North: Brittania South: North Africa/Egypt/Nile River East: Judea/Caspian Sea West: Spain/Atlantic Ocean

43. 42. Diocletian Divided Roman Empire into East and West in the late 200s BC

44. 43. Constantine Baptized in the 300s AD and was first Christian emperor Moved center of Roman Empire to Constantinople Ruled Eastern Empire after Diocletian

45. 44. Reasons for the fall of Roman Empire Empire too large Difficult to communicate Corruption Wealthy people flee cities/build up armies Population decreases Schools close Inflation: taxes and prices soar

46. 45. What is corruption? Examples Corruption is the decay of people’s values Corrupt officials used threats and bribes to achieve their goals

47. 46. Attila the Hun Fierce, ruthless battle tactics

48. 47. Describe the role the Goths played in decline of Rome The Goths were fleeing from invading Huns and had to expand into Roman territory

49. 48. Justinian’s Goals Wanted to reunite parts of the Old Empire Guarantee fair treatment for all people Maintain peace in the empire by stopping riots