1. Seismotectonics Mathilde B. Sørensen and J. Havskov

2. The interior of the Earth

3. Lithosphere

4. Convection in the mantle

5. Global seismicity, triangles are volcanos

6. Global seismicity and fault plane solutions

7. Three main types of relative movement causing earthquakes

8. Three main types of plate boundaries Divergent Spreading New crust is made Convergent; Subduction zone Crust is destroyed Conservative Transform fault No new crust or desctruction

9. Three main types of plate boundarties

10. Divergergent plate boundary

11. Divergent plate boundary

12. Focal mechanisms of a spreading ridge Mixture of normal and strike slip faults, however normal faults dominate

13. Divergent plate boundary in a continent

15. Strike slip faults, California USGS, 2000 N. Toksoz

16. R. Wallace M. Rymer NASA USGS USGS/SCAMP San Andreas fault

17. Convergent plate boundaries

18. Convergent plate boundary and earthquakes

19. Deep earthquakes

20. Depth variation of global earthquakes

21. Earthquakes in subduction zones Lack of seismicity might indicate slab breakoff

22. Fault plane solutions in subduction zones In top of the plate there is tension due to the weight, at bottom there is compression as the plate is pushed down Thrust faults at top of the subduction zone

23. Continent-continent collision Continental collision zones show only shallow and intermediate depth earthquakes. Hard to push down a continent

24. Eartquake potential in Himalaya

25. Seismicity in Himalaya

26. Very deep earthquakes Deepest eartquake is about 700 km. What limits the depth ? Earthquake in the deep mantle itself seems unlikely due to the viscosity of the materiial, brittle failure is not possible. Fauilure might happen due to phase changes. When the plate subducts, it warms up and become more elastic so brittle failure is not possible inside the plate. The faster the plate decends, the further it can get before getting warm so fast, steep subduction zones will have the deepest earthquakes.

27. Deep earthquake, May 24, 2013 at sea of Okhotsk, M=8.3 Largest magnitude very deep earthquake. Fast steep subduction.

28. Iceland hot spot

29. Iceland seismicity Iceland is on the middle of the spreading ridge with both spreading and transform faults

30. Motion on the north Iceland volcanic rift

31. The transition between two different plate boundaries is observed in the different focal mechanisms

32. Fault plane solutions in a complex area Green: strike-slip Blue: reverse Red: normal Nuvel 1A plate motions, fault and plate boundaries from Bird (2003), ten Veen (2004) and McClusky et al. (2000) Focal mechanisms from INGV, Harvard, USGS (Events are from 1976-2006)

33. Haiti 2010, no high seismic activity before the earthquake, fault zone normally active The 2010 earthquake was unexpected, althogh there had not been a large earthquake for more than 200 years

34. Hispaniola historical seismicity and fault plane solutions

35. Historical and present 2010 large earthquake

36. During the first 2 hours after the main events, 5 strong aftershocks were recorded. In the first 11 hours there were 32 aftershocks with magnitude > 4 Aftershocks

37. Aftershocks vs time

38. Aftershock recorded by a local network, indication of size of fault Distribution of the aftershocks observed during the period from February 14 to March 1, 2010. The sizes of the circles are proportional to the coda magnitude determined from the land and OBS records, and the color scale indicates the depths. Triangles, temporary stations (OBS and land stations); red, surface trace of the fault (EPGFZ); yellow star, mainshock location.

39. Focal mechanisms of aftershocks, not what was expected on a strike-slip fault MERCIER DE LÉPINAY ET AL.: THE 2010 HAITI EARTHQUAKE FAULT PATTERN

40. USGS recorded aftershocks and fault plane solution of main shock The USGS location of the January 12, 2010 Haiti earthquake (red star). Orange circles correspond to aftershocks within the first 24 hours reported by USGS. The black rectangle corresponds to the fault plane assumed for the inversion.

41. Inversion for slip on the fault Note, uneven slip on the fault

42. The study of eartquakes gives us the main information about tectonics which could not have been obtained with only geology. However, geology and seismology together gives us the complete picture.