1. EMI: “SIGNAL TO SOCIETY” Bruno D.V. Marino PhD CEO Axonix Technologies Corp. One Kendall Square Building 400, 4 th Floor Cambridge, MA 02138 marino@axonixtech.com

2. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED2 Overview The EMI Genre—Promise & Challenge Results to date—Field and Lab EMI Vector—Convergence Mosaic of Data—Consensus? Future Prospects—Gaps?

3. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED3 Promise: Lethality Redux Scott Greenwood, former long, term, general counsel, ACLU of Ohio and ACLU national board member: – "When used properly, by well-trained officers, non-lethal weapons such as TASER devices can be an important tool in reducing injuries to both citizens and officers while preventing unnecessary deaths." Humanitarian perspective Peacekeeping, crowd control & reduction in firearms usage In principle, EMI devices have a place in our evolving technological and geopolitical world.

4. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED4 Challenge: Scientific Consensus Constitutional standards of “when” EMI devices are used is plausible for LE [e.g., Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 396 (1989)] EMI: method without a mechanism –Industry plagued by unknown causes of injury and death— while the numbers are low the consequences are life- threatening and attract negative media –Observations suggest focus on the “how” of EMI device usage given the uncertainties of ICD (e.g., generally accepted standards of care based on scientific findings & consensus) –EMI components leading to outcomes needed to address consensus issues (e.g., signal, application, use of force, subject status, societal attitudes). POTENTIAL SOCIAL IMPACT OF “GETTING IT RIGHT” IS LARGE & POSITIVE

5. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED5 Experiential Base Field Niche: “Action at a distance” Vital to policing without direct contact where fighting, injury rates are highest –Field Niche endorsed by LE Taser Inc.: reduction in lethality and injury to officers and suspects across the landscape in diverse depts. RESULTS CANNOT BE UNDERVALUED TO SOCIETY, but not appreciated by the public. SOURCE: WWW.TASER.COM

6. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED6 Field Use Data Estimated 100,000+ volunteer uses –Estimate: Injury rate: very low (?) –Death rate: 0 Estimated 100,000+ live fire, field uses –Injury rate: approx. 7% Lethal incidents proximal to EMI (causality not implied or established), approx 167 –(range from 1 to max of 167, Aug 2006) –Estimate: One in 100,000 (0.001%) to 167 in 100,000 (0.2%) –Aggregated data, worst case: 167 in 200,000 (0.1%) Similar “interim estimates” by Potomac Institute for Public Policy Studies, March 2005, & “when used appropriately, stun guns are safe and clearly effective”. [www.potomacinstitute.org] Mortality specifics are needed and being studied by the NIJ. Source: www.taser.com Source: open literature

7. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED7 Science Knowledge Base Animal studies (anesthetized): approx 80+ –VF can be induced, lactate increases, high “safety margins” –Highly valuable, but limited extension to humans –Unanesthetized animals: approx. 10+? (Sherry et al., 2003, BAFB) Human controlled/monitored studies: approx 162 –No dysrhythmias (all), lactate increases transient (Ho et al.), increased heart rate 10 to 23 BPM (Bozeman, 2006; Levine, 2006), No BPM provided by Ho et al., 2006. Unpublished data? Electroporation informs EMI injury (non thermal) [e.g., Gowrishankar & Weaver, PNAS (2003), vol. 100 (6), pp. 3203-3208] –Biophysics, bioelectricmagnetics, electrophysiology Motor axons & neurons informs EMI mechanism [e.g., Collins et al., J. Phys. (2002), 538.1, pp.289-301] –Neurophysiology, global, partial, selective tetany

8. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED8 Signal Ex Vivo Signal In vivo Use of Force Subject Status EMI Vector 1 234 CONVERGENCE NON LINEAR, CHAOTIC POSITIVE / NEGATIVE OUTCOMES

9. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED9 1: Ex Vivo Signal RUGGIERI DATA? RUGGIERI APPROACH Measurement methods??? Source: Weaver Group, MIT

10. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED10 Damped sine or square wave DC electrical discharges Voltage Current PulsePulse Power Duration Frequency_______ Cattle prods5-10 kV exceed 60 Hz let-go current Electric fencing5-10 kV 10-20 mA 0.1-1 sec 0.5-1 Hz 0.1-18 J/ pulse Early Stun devices 7 watt Taser40-100 kV 3 - 4 mA ~ 20 µsec5 - 20 Hz 0.8 J/ pulse Current stun devices 2 - 4 mAave 26 watt Taser 18 - 50 kV 18 A peak 11 µsec10 - 25 Hz 0.1 - 1.8 J/ pulse ECS, ECT 70 - 450 V 20 - 900 mA 1.5 msec70 Hz 0.6 J/ pulse Defibrillators ~ 750-1500 V 20-65 A 5-7 msec1-6 total 100-360 J/ pulse Electrosurgery 1000-9000V variable variable <200,000 Hz 80-300Watts EX Vivo Signals

11. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED11 2: In Vivo Signal Hard to measure—current is diffuse and heterogeneous as a spreading wave within tissues (nerves, muscle, blood vessels, fat, bone, etc.) –EMI Dose Response? Physiologic correlates? Drug (receptor specific) vs. current (diffusive, distributed) Step on a tack –“Traces” of current path in tissue—how much to each organ? –Selected scenarios of signal application/duration can either support or refute claims of in vivo characteristics (e.g., Ruggieri) PARAMETER SPACE IS TOO LARGE –Human, animal studies limited –In Silico models are scientifically established and appropriate

12. AN IN SILICO APPROACH TO ASSESSING ELECTROPORATION OF HEMI EXPOSURES James C. Weaver, T.R. Gowrishankar, Stephen K. Burns, Axel T. Esser and Kyle C. Smith Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 Whole body level Multicellular level Cellular/subcellular level

13. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED13 In Silico Field Macromodeling In silico model studies –Well established for study of health effects of EMF emissions, by predicting tissue level electromagnetic fields –Bioelectricmagnetic disciplinary base transferable to EMI studies –Cell, tissue, whole body simulations with EMI device discharge to estimate E Field in time and space –Link to existing contact standards (ICNIRP, IEEE) –Simulation of thousands of EMI discharges to the body –Reduce/guide human/animal experimentation

14. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED14 Macro-dosimetry Simulated E field for arbitrary input For illustration only E FIELD: (V/m) CURRENT DISTRIBUTION: J (W. Kainz and S. Seidman, FDA)

15. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED15 400 V/cm 600 V/cm 800 V/cm Weaver Group 1000 V/cm 2000 V/cm 6000 V/cm EMI: MAGNITUDE OF E FIELD

16. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED16 Field of 4000 V/cm Weaver Group t=0ust=120ust=126us t=129us t=140us t=157us EMI: DURATION OF E FIELD

17. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED17 3: Use of Force The “How” of EMI as applied to subjects based on “scientific consensus” has been articulated and adopted:

18. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED18 4: Subject Status Multi-factor Status Established before EMI USE –Palette of drugs –Fight/flight –Acute behavioral disturbance (Excited Delirium) –Malignant hyperthermia –Mental illness –Underlying disease (cardiovascular, etc.) EMI interaction –Cocaine, Meth? –Exhaustion (acidosis)? In custody deaths –If ED, MHT, drugs HOW TO ASSIGN CAUSTIVE FACTORS IN DEATH? SINGLE FACTORS CUMMUALATIVE

19. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED19 The Mosaic of Data In Vivo Signal Not Measurable Directly Modeled at Cell, Tissue, Body In Vivo Signal Not Measurable Directly Modeled at Cell, Tissue, Body Ex Vivo Signal Measurable Directly with Precision Ex Vivo Signal Measurable Directly with Precision Use of Force Policy for EMI Articulated Adopted by Industry Use of Force Policy for EMI Articulated Adopted by Industry Subject Status As an Unknown Wild Card Subject Status As an Unknown Wild Card CONSENSUS NO CONSENSUS Constitutional StandardsMethod Standards Model Standards

20. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED20 The Mosaic of Data Innovation Needed –ICD, ED Constellation of factors Status assignment In situ treatments Develop Forensics –Post stun –Post mortem evidence Troponin I EMI proxy biomarker EP pathology Behavior (video) Subject Status Wild Card ICD ED Subject Status Wild Card ICD ED

21. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED21 Future Prospects The emerging picture is very positive Expansion of “probable outcomes” data is key –Utilize In Silico approaches –Link to animal and human subjects studies –Continue to elucidate mechanism of EMI Solve “ICD” dilemma for all stakeholders –Challenge the Industry, LE, Gov to amplify work –Assemble an inter-disciplinary group who can talk to each other more than once Augment LE training with “Biology” linked to the “how” factor--get the message out. Implement a national CDC reporting program

22. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED22 AXONIX TECHNOLOGIES CORP R&D Focused on the Safety of EMI Usage CAMBRIDGE, MA marino@axonixtech.com 617-842-5569 marino@axonixtech.com