1. Chapters 21-22: Absolutism and Revolutions Louis XIVIsaac Newton

2. Ch. 21-22 Essential Questions 1. Describe the Scientific Revolution and how it impacted the world. 2. Describe the Enlightenment and how it impacted the world.

3. I. The Roots of Modern Science –before 1500 scholars determined truth from Roman/Greek texts & the Bible –few ppl had challenged these “truths” by questioning or observing nature –1500’s scholars began new theories based on careful observation & testing –this new way of thinking about the natural world became known as the Scientific Revolution The Scientific Revolution

4. II. A Revolutionary model of the Universe –organization of universe 1 st traditional belief to be challenged –Aristotle’s geocentric theory – earth located at center of universe –1543- Polish astronomer, Nicolaus Copernicus, published his heliocentric theory - sun is center of universe!!

5. –other scientists built on Copernicus’ theory –1601- Danish mathematician, Johannes Kepler, proved heliocentric theory, and also that planets revolved in elliptical (oval) orbits not circles –1609-Italian scientist, Galileo Galilei, invented telescope, used it to study universe -1610- Galileo published Starry Messenger describing his observations of the universe

6. III. Conflict with the Church –new ideas & spirit of questioning traditions frightened both Catholic & Protestant leaders- Why?? –they were afraid ppl would begin to question other church teachings too –church ordered Galileo not to defend ideas of Copernicus –1633- Galileo arrested and stood trial before the Inquisition

7. –under threat of torture, Galileo read a confession stating that Copernicus’ theories were wrong –he lived under house arrest for the rest of his life, dying in 1642 (in 1992 the Catholic Church officially acknowledged that Galileo had been right :)

8. IV. The Scientific Method –rev in scientific thinking led by Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo led to further dev of Scientific Method –scientific method= logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas 1. state problem/question 2. form a hypothesis 3. test hypothesis 4. analyze/interpret gathered data to confirm or disprove hypothesis

9. two prominent scholars helped to develop and spread scientific method: Francis Bacon and René Descartes Sir Frances BaconRené Descartes

10. V. Newton Explains the Law of Gravity –By mid 1600’s Sci Rev had completely changed astronomy & physics –English scientist, Isaac Newton, connected breakthroughs under uniform scientific laws –His great discovery, Laws of Motion- theory that the same forces ruled motion of all matter: planets, objects on earth, and all objects in space

11. –Newton’s laws of motion were based on concept of universal gravitation- that all objects attract all objects –Newton’s discovery is one of the greatest scientific accomplishments of all time

12. Isaac Newton

13. VI. The Scientific Revolution Spreads –careful observation and use of scientific method key in other fields and led to important inventions –Use your book (p.627) to find out what the following scientists invented or discovered: o Janssen- o Leeuwenhoek- o Fahrenheit- o Jenner- o Boyle-

14. –Janssen- microscope –Leeuwenhoek- (using the microscope) observed cells for the first time –Fahrenheit- thermometer –Jenner- smallpox vaccination –Boyle- modern Chemistry

15. –notion of science being reasoned and ordered soon moved into other fields of life –philosophers began to question traditional beliefs about human nature and gov’t

16. Section Two: The Enlightenment Le Penseur by Auguste Rodin “I think therefore I am.” - Descartes

17. I. The Enlightenment Begins –new ways of thinking sparked by Scientific Rev led scholars to reevaluate old ideas regarding: gov’t, religion, economics, and edu. –Enlightenment- new intellectual mov’t that stressed reason, thought, and the power of the individual to solve problems 2 questions of the Enlightenment: human nature and gov’t

18. II. Two Views on Government –Enlightenment started from two main thinkers: Thomas Hobbes and John Locke –Hobbes and Locke both experienced political turmoil in England but came to very different conclusions HobbesLocke

19. Traditional View of Government Power (Divine Right) Gives power to… God Who rules… King Who obey gov’t People

20. Thomas Hobbes –Believed humans naturally selfish/wicked –Believed w/o gov’t to keep order there would be, “war of every man against every man” –Gov’t & ppl must have a social contract= ppl give up their rights to gov’t in exchange for law and order Hobbes’ Social Contract- a ruler needs total power in order to keep the citizens under control

21. Gives power to God Who give power to… People Who protects ppl Gov’t Enlightenment View (Social Contract) Gives power to… God Who rules… King Who obey gov’t People Traditional View (Divine Right)

22. John Locke –believed ppl could learn from experience to improve themselves –believed all ppl born free & equal w/ 3 natural rights: life, liberty, property.

23. –Locke’s Social Contract: ppl had natural ability to govern themselves= favored self-gov’t instead of absolute gov’t purpose of gov’t is to protect these rights- if gov’t fails to protect your rights= citizens should overthrow gov’t –Locke’s theory is basis of modern democracy and influenced struggles for liberty in Europe and the Americas

24. Gives power to God Who give power to… People Who protects ppl Gov’t Enlightenment View (Social Contract) Gives power to… God Who rules… King Who obey gov’t People Traditional View (Divine Right)  Compare Hobbes’ and Locke’s version of the social contract.

25. III. The Philosophes Advocate Reason –mid 1700’s- Enlightenment reached its height in France w/ Paris as meeting place for anyone who wanted to discuss politics/ideas –Philosophes- philosophers in France, believed ppl could apply reason to all situations –3 most famous philosophes: Voltaire, Montesquieu, and Rousseau

26. Voltaire -French, most brilliant & influential, published 70+ books -fought for tolerance, freedom of religion, freedom of speech -often used satire to make points- made fun of clergy, aristocracy, gov’t -“I do not agree w/ a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it.”

27. Baron de Montesquieu –French, devoted to study of political liberty –Wrote On the Spirit of Laws - his idea of best form of gov’t- one w/ a separation of powers, or branches –book popular in American colonies, became one of the influences for Constitution of the United States

28. John Jacques Rousseau –devoted to individual freedom –Disagreed w/ many philosophes who said reason/science/art would improve ppl’s lives- believed civilization corrupted ppl’s natural goodness – best gov’t was freely formed by ppl, ruled by will of ppl= direct democracy –wrote The Social Contract - gov’t is result of free individuals agreeing to create ordered society

29. IV. Women and the Enlightenment –while philosophes challenged gov’t and society, remained traditional in views of women –Rousseau believed woman’s edu should be as a helpful wife/mother –few male writers argued for female rights, but female writers themselves sought to improve status of women

30. - most famous female enlightenment writer Mary Wollstonecraft- published essay called A Vindication of the Rights of Women encouraging women to enter fields like medicine and politics - Female writers used Enlightenment ideas to argue for equal rights: “if all men are born free, how is it that all women are born slaves?” (Mary Astell)

31. V. The Enlightenment Spreads –1700’s- Paris cultural and intellectual capital of Europe –Ppl from all around Europe came to study and discuss ideas –buzz of Enlightenment ideas most intense in mansions of several wealthy women in Paris –These women held regular social gatherings called salons where philosophers, artists, scientists met to discuss ideas

32. –One such women funded Denis Diderot’s Encyclopedia- large set of books containing articles of greatest scholars of the day – first Encyclopedia helped to spread ideas/knowledge of Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment across Europe

33. VI. Legacy of the Enlightenment –Enlightenment thinkers challenged long held beliefs about society and gov’t – though philosophes were not active revolutionaries, their ideas had lasting effects (4): 1.Sparked American & French revolutions & other revolutionary movements of 1800’s 2.Belief in Progress- ppl had confidence that human reason could solve social problems- from curing diseases to ending slavery

34. 3. Secular Outlook- openly challenged religious teachings, caused many to question their beliefs= ppl began to separate Church from influence in everyday life. 4. Importance of the Individual- philosophes encouraged ppl to use their own reason to determine truth (didn’t have to blindly believe church/gov’t) Discovery video- Chapter 22 “The Enlightenment” 15min

35. Enlightenment Group Discussion Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 6

36. Chapter 21: Absolute Monarchs in Europe and the American Revolution Compare portraits…

37. I. Absolutism in Europe –absolute rulers wanted complete control over nation’s gov’t, economy, society –absolute monarchs believed in divine right- God created monarchy and monarch (king) acted as God’s representative on earth

38. II. Absolutism in Spain –1556- Philip II king of Spain, inherited Spain’s American colonies –shy, serious, hard working, deeply Catholic –Under Philip II Spain became extremely wealthy- by 1600’s Spain’s American colonies provided over 300,000 pounds of gold & roughly 16 tons of silver –Philip had absolute control of Spain’s gov’t, economy, and religion –But inflation, debt, & revolt had severely weakened the empire by late 1500’s

39. III. Absolutism in France –1643- a 5 year old Louis XIV (14th) of the Bourbon family took the throne of France, would become most powerful French ruler of all time –While the boy king grew, real power in France rested w/ Cardinal Mazarin who was hated by French nobility –1661- Mazarin died and 22 yr old Louis took control of gov’t himself

40. –Louis was devoted to making France self sufficient and followed mercantilism –Louis was determined to become so powerful that the nobility could never threaten him- nicknamed The Sun King b/c he said all power in France radiated from him as if light from the sun

41. IV. The Sun King’s Grand Style –Louis used grand lifestyle to entertain & distract the nobility- required 100’s of nobles to live at grand palace, Versailles –Life at Versailles filled w/ elaborate ceremonies & rituals- King’s lever (morning routine) was attended by 100’s of nobles –Louis loved arts= Versailles became a center of arts during his reign

42. Versailles

43. Hall of Mirrors

44. Garden and Fountains of Versailles

45. Neptune Fountain Apollo Fountain

46. V. The End of Louis XIV’s Reign –1660- under Louis, France became strongest nation in Europe –Its army far ahead of other nations’ in size, training, weaponry –Louis launched series of unsuccessful wars, left France weakened

47. –Louis’ last years more sad than glorious- 1715, died in bed, ppl of France rejoiced- they’d had enough of the Sun King –Louis left a mixed legacy to France: at his death, France led Europe in art & culture & had many strong colonies, but wars & Versailles had plunged France into staggering debt –Louis’ successors would have to deal w/ debt, taxes, & a resentful public

48. VI. Absolutism in Central Europe –In central Europe the 1600’s was a time of religious tension b/w Lutherans (protestants) & Catholics, esp in Germany –tension eventually erupted into the Thirty Years War (1618-1648)- a conflict b/w ruling families in Europe for power & religious freedom –war did great damage to Germany- their pop dropped from 20 to 16 million, trade & agriculture were disrupted, their economy was ruined

49. –1648- war ended w/ Peace of Westphalia –treaty marked the beginning of modern European states as we know them

50. VII. Absolutism in Russia –1533, Ivan IV on throne of Russia at age 3, by 16 has absolute power, crowned “Czar” (Cesar) –At first a just ruler, 1560, after death of his wife, became suspicious of nobles –Ivan the Terrible, as he became known, used secret police to execute 1000’s of Russians –After Ivan’s death Russia had a series of weak rulers until 1672 when Peter the Great took control

51. –Russia isolated from changes and progress of the rest of Europe (had no Renaissance, Reformation, Enlightenment) –Peter the Great sought to westernize Russia by learning European customs & manufacturing techniques. Made 4 big changes: 1. introduced potatoes 2. started first newspaper 3. raised status of women 4. improved education - All this increased his own absolute rule

52. VIII. Absolutism in England and the American Revolution –Elizabeth I died in 1603, left no heir to English throne –closest relative, James Stuart, king of Scotland became James I, King of England –James’ reign marked by conflict w/ Parliament over money –1625- James I died & his son, Charles took the throne

53. –Charles I in constant need of money to pay for wars w/ Spain & France –Parliament forced Charles to sign Petition of Right- 1 st law limiting power of king –Charles refused to abide by Petition of Right and dissolved Parliament

54. IX. English Civil War –1641- Parliament passed laws further limiting power of king –1642- 1649 England plunged into the English Civil War (King v. Parliament)

55. –Oliver Cromwell led forces fighting against King’s army –1647- Cromwell captured King Charles, put him on trial for treason, and executed him!! –first time in history a monarch was publicly tried and executed- a revolutionary day! –Cromwell now ruler in England- abolished monarchy and created a Republic called the English Commonwealth

56. X. Restoration and Revolution –1658- Cromwell died, English Commonwealth collapsed –new Parliament asked son of Charles I to rule England as king –Charles II restored monarchy to England= Restoration –Charles II died, his brother, James II became king. James was Catholic and highly disliked by the ppl- Parliament soon plotted to overthrow James II

57. –Parliament asked James II’s oldest daughter, Mary and her husband William of Orange to overthrow James II –William and Mary’s army marched to London in 1688 James fled= England had a new monarch –bloodless overthrow of James II called the Glorious Revolution

58. –William and Mary agreed to allow England to become a constitutional monarchy- laws limit power of the monarch –England adopted a Bill of Rights and appointed advisors called a cabinet to help rule alongside the king

59. English Rulers 1603-1688  Elizabeth I  James I  Charles I (English Civil War)  Oliver Cromwell (English Commonwealth)  Charles II (Restoration)  James II  William and Mary (Glorious Revolution)= Constitutional Monarchy!

60. Answer in your Journals 1.Why was the death of Charles I so revolutionary? 2.How does a constitutional monarchy differ from a limited monarchy?

61. XI. The American Revolution –1600-1700’s British settlement along eastern shore of N. America –1760-King George III took throne of England- American colonies had a pop of over 2 million

62. –all 13 colonies had own gov’t, colonists enjoyed a great degree of independence, but still English subjects expected to obey English laws –Navigation Act- law stating that England’s American colonies could only sell goods to England

63. XII. Americans Demand Independence –1754- French and Indian War in colonies French (aided by natives) vs. English –England won, expected American colonies to help pay for war –1765- Parliament passed Stamp Act, tax on official documents in colonies –colonists outraged, had never paid a tax directly to England

64. –tension increased –Colonial leaders demanded equal rights and representation in Parliament- King George III refused –colonial leaders used Enlightenment ideas to justify calls for independence from England –July 1776- 2 nd Continental Congress issued Declaration of Independence, written by Thomas Jefferson –document officially announced colonies’ intention of independence from England

65. Declaration of Independence excerpts “…We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.--That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed…” “…We, therefore, the Representatives of the United States of America, … solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States…”

66. XIII. Americans Win Independence –British not about to let their colonies go w/o a fight –American Revolution had begun –colonies up against strongest nation in Europe and win- how?

67. –Several reasons explain colonial success: 1. motivation- American’s motivation was much greater 2. Weak British Generals- underestimated Americans 3. Home field advantage- British were fighting far from home and supplies 4. Aide from France- Louis XVI wished to help weaken English so sent aide –1781 British surrendered- American colonies shocked the world by winning

68. XIV. American Create a Republic –leaders of new nation had a unique opportunity to create a nation and its govt –13 colonies quickly ratified (approved) first constitution, Articles of Confederation –Articles of Confederation made United States a Republic –But Articles were weak and soon a new ruling document was required

69. –Colonial leaders, familiar w/ political theories of Enlightenment, set out to draft a new Constitution –new constitution set up a federal system in which power was divided b/w national and state gov’ts –Constitution of the United States marked a turning point in ppl’s ideas about gov’t, other nations soon follow America’s example CCWH-American Revolution

70. Impact of the Enlightenment ExplanationExamples (at least 2) 1. 2. 3. 4.