1. Chapter 13 Working copy

2. Objectives Trace the settlement and development of the Spanish borderlands. Explain the concept of Manifest Destiny.

3. Terms and People Junipero Serra – Franciscan priest who set up a series of missions along the California coast expansionist – American who favored territorial growth Manifest Destiny – belief that God wanted the United States to own all of North America

4. What were the causes of westward migration? By the 1840s, American migrants were crossing into Oregon and California seeking economic opportunity. Soon, these and other western lands became part of the United States, helping the nation grow in both wealth and power.

5. The Spanish founded New Mexico in 1598 but the area grew slowly. In 1765, there were 9,600 Hispanics, located mainly around El Paso, Santa Fe, and the Rio Grande Valley. Settlers were threatened by nomadic tribes on horseback, primarily the Apache.

6. Texas was an under-populated buffer, protecting towns and mines of Mexico against nomadic raiders. In 1760, there were only 1,200 settlers, mostly around San Antonio. Development was slow. By 1821 New Mexico still had only 40,000 settlers. The Spanish built a mixture of missions, ranches, and fortified military presidios to protect against Indian attacks.

7. Spanish Territory 1820

8. In the 1760s, a few small settlements served as a buffer against Russian traders moving south from Alaska. Father Junipero Serra, a Franciscan priest, set up a string of missions to convert Indians. When Spain left in 1821, more than 18,000 Christian Indians lived in the missions. At first, California developed very slowly.

9. Manifest Destiny was the belief that God favored U.S. expansion westward to the Pacific. Expansionists saw Mexican independence as an opportunity to take New Mexico, Texas, and California. American expansionists believed in the idea of Manifest Destiny. John L. O’Sullivan, a journalist, coined the phrase in 1845.

10. Expansionists did not care about Mexicans or Native Americans, whom they saw as inferiors to be pushed out of the way. Southern expansionists also hoped to add new slave states to strengthen their position in Congress.

11. Section 2 Objectives Describe the causes and challenges of westward migration.

12. Terms and People (continued) Mountain Men – American hunters and trappers who blazed trails into the Rockies in the early 1800s Oregon Trail – trail from Independence, Missouri to Oregon that was used by pioneers in the mid-1800s Santa Fe Trail – wagon trail trade route between Missouri and Santa Fe, New Mexico Treaty of Fort Laramie – 1851 treaty that restricted the Plains Indians to territories away from the overland wagon routes

13. The Mountain Men crossed the Rockies seeking beaver pelts. They established fur trading routes later followed by wagon trains of settlers. The first Americans attracted to the west were Mountain Men like Jedediah Smith who blazed trails across the Sierra Nevada into California.

14. In 1836, Marcus and Narcissa Whitman established a trading post on what became the Oregon Trail. Many were attracted to Oregon’s Willamette Valley. In 1842, John C. Freemont led an expedition following trails blazed by the Whitmans and the Mountain Men. His reports attracted settlers. During the 1840s, 20,000 Americans migrated to California, Oregon, and Utah by covered wagon.

15. The Oregon, Mormon, and Santa Fe Trails were popular routes west. Between 1840 and 1860, 260,000 crossed the continent.

16. Groups of 10–100 wagons and 50–1,000 people left Missouri in early spring for an uncertain future. The 2,000-mile trip took several months. They passed the dry Great Plains and the deserts of the Great Basin. Emigrants faced exposure, starvation, disease, poisoned streams and hostile Indians. The Donner Party resorted to cannibalism to survive blizzards in the Sierra Nevada. The 2,000-mile trip took several months. They by passed the dry Great Plains and the deserts of the Great Basin. Emigrants faced exposure, starvation, disease, poisoned streams and hostile Indians. The Donner Party resorted to cannibalism to survive blizzards in the Sierra Nevada.

17. Settlers traveling west generally avoided the Native Americans. The Plains Indians attempted to cling to their nomadic way of life, but their future was limited. In 1851, the Treaty of Fort Laramie restricted Native Americans from areas near wagon routes. The federal government sought to protect settlers by restricting the Plains Indians.

18. Westward Migration, 1840s Western Trail Number of Settlers DestinationWhen California Trail 2,700California 1842–1848 Mormon Trail4,600Utah 1847–1848 Oregon Trail 11,500 Oregon 1842–1848

19. Explain how Texas won independence from Mexico. Analyze the goals of President Polk. Trace the causes and outcome of the Mexican–American War. Section 3 Objectives

20. Terms and People Stephen Austin – leader of American emigrants who settled in Austin, Texas Antonio López de Santa Anna – charismatic general who seized power of Mexico in 1834 autonomy – independent control over one’s affairs Lone Star Republic – new nation created by Texans in 1835 Alamo – Texas garrison where Santa Anna executed all the defenders following battle in 1836

21. Terms and People (continued) Sam Houston – Texas army commander, President, territorial governor, and later senator James K. Polk – Southern Democrat and expansionist elected President in 1844 Zachary Taylor – general who led troops at the borderland between Mexico and the U.S. in 1846 Winfield Scott – general who invaded Mexico winning at Vera Cruz in 1847

22. How did the revolution in Texas lead to war with Mexico? American expansionists sought new territory in the South and West, making conflict with Mexico seem inevitable. The flashpoint for conflict became Texas. The resulting war vastly increased the size of the United States.

23. accept Mexican citizenship. worship in the Catholic Church. follow the Mexican Constitution, which did not permit slavery. American expansionists had their eyes on Texas. Only 4,000 Hispanic Tejanos lived there in 1821. Mexico sought to defend and to develop Texas by inviting settlers. They offered inexpensive land on three conditions. Settlers had to:

24. Led by Stephen F. Austin, 30,000 Anglo-Texans outnumbered the Tejanos six-to-one by 1835. Many brought slaves and ignored the Church. In 1834, Antonio López de Santa Anna seized power in Mexico City, seeking greater centralized control. But Texans wanted more autonomy. American settlers arrived, but tensions grew as Americans ignored the Mexican government.

25. In 1835, Texans declared independence for the Lone Star Republic. Santa Anna personally led a siege of Texan forces at the Alamo in San Antonio. After twelve days, he stormed the mission and executed any surviving defenders, including Jim Bowie and Davy Crockett.

26. Instead, Santa Anna created a set of martyrs. “Remember the Alamo,” became the Texans’ rallying cry. Many Southerners were inspired to volunteer and joined the Texans. Several weeks later, Santa Anna took Goliad and again executed prisoners, in an attempt to frighten Texas into surrender.

27. Sam Houston led a counter-attack. At the Battle of San Jacinto, Santa Anna was defeated and taken prisoner. Houston later became president of the Lone Star Republic. After statehood in 1845, Houston served as governor and then as U.S. Senator from Texas.

28. Fearing execution, Santa Anna signed a treaty expanding the Texas border to the Rio Grande and giving half of New Mexico to the Texans. The Mexican government refused to honor this treaty demanding a return to the original border at the Nuecos River. Fighting would persist for ten years over the disputed borderlands.

29. Britain did not concede all of the territory. Rather then fight, Polk made a deal to split Oregon and extend the 49th parallel border with Canada to the Pacific Ocean. Northerners felt betrayed. In 1844, expansionist James K. Polk was elected president on a promise to obtain both Oregon and Texas. In Congress, northern Democrats reluctantly agreed to annex Texas if all of Oregon was also added.

30. President Polk claimed all land as far as the Rio Grande, tripling the previous size of Texas. General Zachary Taylor was sent to occupy these border lands. Mexico objected to the granting of statehood to Texas and saw statehood as an invasion of Mexican territory. The United States annexed Texas in 1845, leading to war with Mexico.

31. Southern Democrats favored war, while Northern Whigs felt that Polk deliberately provoked Mexico. The war was popular in the United States. Whigs dropped their opposition, fearing they would be labeled disloyal as the Federalists were for opposing the War of 1812. When Mexican patrols killed American soldiers, Congress declared war on Mexico.

32. The U.S. had many advantages, including greater wealth and a better-equipped military. General Winfield Scott led an overwhelming campaign in Mexico from Veracruz to Chapultepec, forcing Santa Anna to abandon his capital Mexico City and the war. The United States easily defeated Mexico.

33. Map of the Mexican– American War

34. Explain the effects of the Mexican–American War on the United States. Trace the causes and effects of the California Gold Rush. Describe the political impact of California’s application for statehood. Section 4 Objectives

35. Terms and People Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo – 1848 agreement formally ending the Mexican–American War, included the sale of Mexican territory to the U.S. Gadsden Purchase – 1853 sale of Mexican territory in Arizona and New Mexico to the U.S. Wilmot Proviso – proposed law that would have banned slavery in territory obtained from Mexico California Gold Rush – mass migration of gold seekers into California in 1848 and 1849

36. Terms and People (continued) forty-niners – those attracted to California by the Gold Rush in 1849 placer mining – use of metal pans, picks, and shovels to look for gold along streams and rivers hydraulic mining – use of jets of water that erode hillsides into long sluiceways to catch gold Brigham Young – Mormon leader who brought his religious group to Utah in 1847

37. What were the effects of the Mexican– American War and the California Gold Rush? The quick victory in the Mexican–American War and gold in California fed into the expansionists goals of Manifest Destiny. The war also highlighted growing differences between the North and South and set the stage for future conflict.

38. Mexico had to sell a third of its territory to the United States (1.2 million square miles). For $15 million, the U.S. obtained California and New Mexico. The Texas border was set at the Rio Grande River. Mexico was humiliated and remained bitter toward the United States for decades. As a result of the loss, Mexico was forced to sign the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

39. In 1853, the United States made the Gadsden Purchase. Territory in southern Arizona and New Mexico was purchased from Mexico as a potential route for a transcontinental railroad. The lands obtained from Mexico increased the area of the United States by a third. The land formed New Mexico, California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and half of Colorado.

41. In 1846, the Wilmot Proviso suggested a ban on slavery in the territories obtained from Mexico. The Proviso passed in the House, but failed in the Senate. Both Whigs and Democrats voted along sectional lines. The Proviso brought the issue of slavery before Congress, which for decades tried avoid the topic. Purchase of the Mexican Cession caused a debate over the expansion of slavery.

42. In 1847, Brigham Young brought them to Utah where they established New Zion. By 1860, there were 40,000 Mormons living near Great Salt Lake. Young remained the group’s leader for 30 years, including eight as territorial governor of Utah. The Mormons migrated west after an Illinois mob murdered their spiritual leader Joseph Smith.

43. In 1848, gold was found at Sutter’s Mill on the American River near Sacramento, California. The resulting California Gold Rush brought a mass-migration of 80,000 fortune hunters west. They were called forty-niners. Half traveled overland; the rest either sailed around South America or to Panama, where they crossed the isthmus and caught ships up the coast.

44. The Gold Rush attracted miners from South America and China. California’s population grew from 14,000 in 1847 to 225,000 in 1852. The first miners used metal pans, shovels and picks to find gold along river banks. Few became wealthy using this method, called placer mining. Merchants and traders made more money selling goods to the miners than the miners earned themselves.

45. Life in the mining camps was crude and rough. Many died of disease, especially cholera and dysentery. Fights and violence were common. Only a few of the miners were women.

46. Mining soon mechanized to make it more efficient. One method was to divert a river or stream to expose the river bed. Hydraulic mining employed jets of water to erode gravel hills into long lines of sluices which caught the gold. Hydraulic mining left heavy sediments in the river and caused a great deal of environmental damage.

47. The “democratic” era in the gold fields did not last long. Individual prospectors were soon replaced by wealthy investors paying wages. Some tried “hard rock” mining, where men searched for gold in deep tunnels supported by wooden posts and beams. Gold mining soon became too expensive for individual miners.

48. White miners quickly asserted control in California. Minorities faced violence in the gold fields and discrimination in the courts. Native Americans were killed or lost their land. Others found work on farms and ranches. Old Mexican land titles were generally ignored. Most of the original Californians were dispossessed. The Chinese were targeted by a foreign miner’s tax and mob violence. Mexicans also had to pay a foreign miner’s tax.

49. San Francisco became the gateway to the California gold fields. After 1848, the city grew rapidly from a tiny Spanish settlement into the major west coast American city. Growth of San Francisco Year Population 1848800 184925,000 185236,000 186057,000 Source: CIA World Factbook Online

50. Most Californians opposed slavery so California’s admission as a free state would tip the 15 slave and 15 free state balance in the U.S. Senate. Debate over the spread of slavery into the territories obtained from Mexico became a leading cause of the Civil War. By October 1849, California prepared to seek admission into the Union.