1. Chapter AP* Sixth Edition World Civilizations The Global Experience World Civilizations The Global Experience Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Latin America in the 19 th Century 25

2. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Latin American Independence: The Big Picture The independence movement in Latin America was closely connected to events in Europe –The French Revolution –The Napoleonic Wars The nature of the various independence movements was dictated by the differing nature of colonial class structures (castas) and the relationship between colony and mother country Nascent nationalism and liberalism worked in unique ways in regions of Latin America Wars of Independence in America and Haiti (St. Domingue) along with French Revolutions as models (cautions)

3. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The West in the Americas: Old Cultures Mix in New Lands The Americas represent the first large scale imperial adventure by Europeans –Spanish and Portuguese (Latin) take the initially most desirable lands –French and British colonize less desirable northern regions (Modern US and Canada)  Capture few islands from Spanish in the 18 th century  French displaced by British in North America Mixing of cultural traditions –Impact of Amerindian cultures vary- most pronounced in Spanish occupation of former Aztec and Inca empires –Sparsely populated pastoral and hunting and gathering societies and those decimated by disease had less influence

4. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Independence and Lessons from History While common in the 20 th Century, wars of colonial independence and social revolutions were a new phenomenon in the 18 th Century Colonial elites who elected to fight for independence would prefer the American model- Colonial elite maintain power and privilege Haitian and French models were jarring and unpredictable Fear that undermining colonial relationship would compromise their power and position

5. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Why this is Globally Important Latin American Independence generates first successful political reaction to imperialism- Second wave occurred after WWII Nations struggled to generate national identities and sovereign governments Struggled against continuing political and economic reach of Europe and United States through the 20 th Century The emergence of a new hybrid culture fusing peoples of the Atlantic world The proliferation of Republican governments- a classical liberal reincarnation of classical Rome and Democratic Greece

6. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Patterns in Independence British subjects in North America enjoyed greater degree of self government and the opportunities of emerging liberal capitalism This inspired the American War of Independence- not a true social revolution Colonial elites were not replaced Most social institutions kept in place Loyalists fled north to British Canada- last major region in new world to get independence- granted by Britain American war of Independence offered one model for Latin American colonies to follow Latin American colonial experience left it less prepared for Republican government and economic development

7. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert New World Independence Spanish America was limited to Cuba and Puerto Rico by 1830 Brazil’s path to independence was measurably different than the rest of America

8. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Europe and the World in 1900

9. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert A Chronological Construct I.Independence and Fragmentation (1810- 1825) Independence movements politically sever most of Latin America from Europe II.Conservative Neo-Colonial Stagnation (1825-1850) Colonial elites limit reforms and maintain economic dependence on Europe III. Stability and Growth (1850-1920) Growing demand for raw materials by Europeans and political stability and growing influence of positivism

10. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Power of Ideas Classical Liberalism- concept that government governs best when it governs the least-developed in the 18 th century Enlightenment People following their own best interest supports the best interest of the state Support freedom and entrepreneurial efforts of citizens Supports achieved rather than ascribed statuses Secular aspects of classical liberalism make little headway in most of Latin America Positivism- Faith that observation and reason is the only source of knowledge- empiricism Developed by August Comte in the early 19 th Century Rejects intuitive knowledge- rationalism and modernization Faith that society follows physical laws Foundation of progressivism- major challenges of liberalism These ideas would drive the public debate and history of Latin American nations

11. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Dominant Struggles in Achieving Political Stability Liberals –Federalist government with weak central government –Populism Conservatives –Centralist government- stability –Authoritarianism The conflict of these ideas would generate a populist authoritarian synthesis by the 20 th century

12. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Haitian Precedent The French Colony of St. Domingue was the second independent state in the Americas Not merely a war of independence –What if a slave rebellion left slaves ruling South Carolina? Only successful slave rebellion Encouraged Napoleon to sell Louisiana to America Worried slave holders in the south Cautioned Latin American elites of the possibilities of revolution –Especially in Caribbean and Brazil

13. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Society in Saint-Domingue 1790: –40,000 white French settlers  Dominated social structure –30,000 gens de couleur (free people of color, i.e. mixed-race, freed slaves)  Holders of small plots –500,000 black slaves of African descent  High mortality rate, many flee to mountains  “Maroons,” escaped slaves 13

14. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert

15. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Toussaint L'Ouverture

16. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Fran ç ois-Dominique Toussaint (1744-1803) Renames self Louverture (“the opening”), 1791 Descendant of slaves, freed in 1776 Helped his original owners escape, then joined rebel forces Built army of 20,000, eventually dominated Saint- Domingue 1801 promulgated constitution of equality 1802 arrested by Napoleon’s forces, died in jail French troops driven out, 1804 Haiti declares independence- Yellow Fever 16

17. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Latin American Society 30,000 peninsulares, colonial officials from Iberian peninsula 3.5 million criollos (creoles), born in the Americas of Spanish or Portuguese descent –Privileged class, but grievances with peninsulares –1810-1825 led movements for creole-dominated republics 10 million others –African slaves, mixed-race populations 17

18. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Castas: The Evolving Order of Latin America The complex racial- class structure emerging in Latin America complicated the independence movement How would independence benefit my particular castas?

19. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Mexican Independence Napoleon’s invasion of Spain and Portugal (1807) weakens royal authority in colonies Priest Miguel de Hidalgo (1753-1811) leads revolt –Hidalgo captured and executed, but rebellion continues Creole general Augustin de Iturbide (1783- 1824) declares independence in 1821 –Installs self as Emperor, (Augustine I) deposed in 1823, republic established Southern regions form federation, then divide into Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica 19

20. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Sim ó n Bol í var (1783-1830) Led independence movement in South America Native of Caracas (Venezuela), influenced by Enlightenment, George Washington Rebels against Spanish rule 1811, forced into hiding Forms alliances with many creole leaders –José de San Martín (Argentina, 1778-1842) –Bernardo O’Higgins (Chile, 1778-1842) Spanish rule destroyed in South America by 1825 20

21. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Simon Bolivar “The Liberator”

22. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert San Martín's proclamation of the independence of Peru on July 28, 1821 in Lima.

23. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert San Martín's tomb in the Buenos Aires Cathedral

24. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Gran Colombia Bolívar hoped to form U.S.-style federation Venezuela, Columbia, Ecuador form Gran Colombia –Attempts to bring in Peru and Bolivia Strong political differences, Gran Colombia disintegrates Bolívar goes into self-imposed exile, dies of tuberculosis Latin American independence supported by Monroe Doctrine and British Sea Power 24

25. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Brazilian Independence Napoleon’s invasion sends Portuguese royal court to exile in Rio de Janeiro –Rio as the capital of the Portuguese Empire 1821 King returns, son Pedro left behind as regent Pedro negotiates with creoles, declares independence of Brazil –Becomes Emperor Pedro I (r. 1822-1844) Social structure remains largely intact –Slavery continues to 1888- Last state in the west to end it 25

26. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Latin America in 1830 26

27. Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Instability in Latin America Geographic Barriers –Many nations included sparsely populated frontier Social Injustice - Oligarchy Military Rulers – Caudillos –Sacrifice of liberty for stability Power of the Church Cash Crop Economies –Dependence on Europe and America