1. Body’s Transport System The Cardiovascular System Delivering Needed Materials Most materials needed by the body’s cells (like oxygen and food) are carried by the blood Waste products (like Carbon Dioxide) are picked up by the blood and removed from the cells White blood cells attack disease causing microorganisms (“Germs”) Removing Waste Products Fighting Disease 1

2. Body’s Transport System The Heart The Heart’s Structure The Right and Left sides are completely separated from each other Each side has an upper chamber (Atrium) and a lower chamber (ventricle) Each Atrium receives blood coming back from the body Each Ventricle pumps blood back out of the Heart and to the body 2

3. Body’s Transport System The Heart How the Heart Works Heart muscles relax and the Heart chambers fill with blood Both Atria contract, and blood is squeezed into the ventricles Both ventricles contract, and blood is squeezed out of the Heart and into the arteries 3

4. Body’s Transport System Two Loops Pattern of Blood Flow Two different “loops” of blood vessels travel through the body and the heart Blood from the Right Ventricle is pumped to the lungs Blood flows through the lungs and absorbs O 2 Loop 1: To the Lungs and back Blood flows from the lungs back to the heart, where it enters the Left Atrium 4

5. Body’s Transport System Two Loops Blood from the Left Ventricle is pumped to the body’s cells (from brain to toes!) Blood delivers nutrients and O 2 to the cells of the body, and absorbs CO 2 to take it away Loop 2: To the Body and back Blood returns to the Right Atrium of the Heart and enters “loop 1”. 5

6. Body’s Transport System Arteries Artery Structure Have epithelial (skin) tissue on the inside Middle layer is made up of smooth muscle tissue Outer layer is made up of flexible connective tissue These layers make the arteries strong and flexible, and can withstand the pressure of the blood pumping through them 6

7. Body’s Transport System Arteries Pulse Your pulse is caused by the expansion and relaxation of the artery walls Each expansion/relaxation is caused by the heart pumping the blood through the arteries Regulating Blood Flow Arteries control which organs get more blood supply delivered based on where the oxygen is needed most 7

8. Body’s Transport System Capillaries Materials are exchanged Walls of the capillaries are only 1 cell thick Nutrients and Oxygen are able to easily pass through the wall of the capillaries Waste products (Carbon Dioxide) are also able to pass through the walls of the capillaries Materials pass through the walls of the capillaries through the process of Diffusion 8

9. Body’s Transport System Veins Back to the Heart Blood passes out of the capillaries into larger blood vessels called Veins Veins carry the blood back to the heart (Right Atrium) Walls of the Veins are much thinner than the walls of the Arteries, because the pressure of the blood is much less 9

10. The Respiratory System Respiratory System Functions Taking in Oxygen Oxygen is needed by all the cells in your body Respiration – releasing energy in food Oxygen is for Cellular Respiration (“burning” of glucose to release energy needed to live) Respiration is different from Breathing! Breathing – movement of air into and out of the lungs 10

11. The Respiratory System Respiratory System Functions Removing Carbon Dioxide and Water Respiration produces waste products Carbon Dioxide and Water Respiratory System removes the Carbon Dioxide and Water when you exhale Circulatory System delivers the Oxygen inhaled by the Respiratory System Systems Working Together Digestive System provides the fuel (glucose) needed for cellular respiration to occur 11

12. The Respiratory System The Path of Air The Nose and Nasal Cavity Mucus in the nasal cavity helps trap dust and microorganisms (germs) The Trachea Warms the air so it does not damage the lungs Tube that connects the nasal cavity to the lungs Mucus in the Trachea continues to trap dust and microorganisms (germs) 12

13. The Respiratory System The Path of Air The Bronchi create a “fork in the road” that sends air to each lung The Bronchi and the Lungs Inside the lungs, the bronchi continue to divide into smaller and smaller tubes At the end of each tube are Alveoli (tiny sacs where gas exchange occurs) The Alveoli are where the blood gets rid of its Carbon Dioxide and picks up more Oxygen 13

14. The Respiratory System Gas Exchange How gas exchange occurs Alveoli are surrounded by capillaries carrying blood Oxygen in the Alveoli pass into the blood Carbon Dioxide in the blood pass into the Alveoli Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen pass through the walls of the capillaries by Diffusion (molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration) 14

15. The Respiratory System How You Breathe Muscles for Breathing The Diaphragm at the bottom of the rib cage controls your breathing The Process of Breathing When the Diaphragm contracts and moves downward, air is sucked into the lungs When the Diaphragm relaxes and moves upwards, air is pushed out of the lungs 15

16. The Excretory System Removes waste products from the body Urea – formed from the digestion of proteins Solid Wastes – formed from the digestion of food Water – formed during cellular respiration Heat – formed during cellular respiration 16

17. The Excretory System Filtration of Wastes Filtering out Wastes Kidneys filter out urea, glucose, and some water from the blood Urea is converted to Urine in the Kidneys Formation of Urine Urine is stored in the bladder until it is full Urine is excreted (gotten rid of) through the Urethra 17

18. The Excretory System Excretion and Homeostasis Kidneys Help regulate the amount of water inside your body (prevents dehydration) Lungs and Skin Carbon Dioxide, Water, and Heat removed through the lungs when you exhale Water, Urea, and Heat removed through the skin when you sweat 18

19. The Excretory System Excretion and Homeostasis Liver Breaks down proteins into smaller molecules that form Urea Breaks down old, worn out blood cells to make Bile (used in the digestion of lipids) 19

20. Parts of the Nervous System Central Nervous System: Peripheral Nervous System: The “control center” of the body. Made up of the Brain and Spinal Cord Network of nerves that branch out and connect to the rest of the body. 20

21. The Brain’s Job 1. Receives messages: Nerves from the sense organs (ears, eyes, nose, tongue, and skin) send information to the Brain. 2. Interprets messages: Brain decides what actions (if any) is needed to protect the body and maintain homeostasis 21

22. The Brain’s Job 3. Sends messages: Sends message to the other organ systems (muscular, digestive, respiratory, etc) telling them how to respond to changes in the environment 22

23. The Spinal Cord’s Job 1.Connects the Brain to the rest of the Nervous System: A. Messages from all over the body are sent to the Spinal Cord, then delivered to the Brain. B. Messages from the Brain are sent to the Spinal Cord, then delivered to the rest of the body. 23

24. The Peripheral Nervous System 1. Sends and Receives messages: A. Messages are sent to (and received from) the Brain. B. Messages travel along a series of neurons (nerve cells) as electrical pulses. 24