1. European Union as an Actor in Development Policy 15.11.2010 rilli.lappalainen@kehys.fi

2. EU Economic and Financial Affairs Human Rights Environment Migration Development Trade Enterprise and Industry Security Aid Agriculture Fisheries Energy Food Safety Research Information and Communication

3. European Union decision making

4. The European Commission Main targets: The EU Institutions  27 Commissioners  control of planning and implementation  presents legislative initiatives The Council of the EU  Ministers of 27 Member States  Different composition depending on subject (foreign policy, agriculture, fisheries, etc.)  EU legislative power (shared with EP)  EU budgetary power (shared with EP)  Rotating presidency (6 months) The European Parliament  736 Members of the Parliament (MEP)  EU legislative power (shared with Council)  EU budgetary power (shared with Council)  parliamentary control of other institutions

5. Council of the European Union European Council Heads of State and Government Council of Ministers Representatives from Member State Governments Development issues in the General Affairs and External Relations Council, GAERC Coreper Representatives from Member State Permanent EU Representations Codev Council Development Co-operation Working Party

6. European Commission departments External relations (Ashton) Development (Piebalgs) Humanitarian Aid & Civil Protection (Georgieva) Trade (De Gucht) Enlargement (Füle) Budget (Lewandowski) Climate action (Hedegaard) Environment (Potocnik)

7. Main actors in development policy Certain departments in the comission Certain working groups in the council Different actors in member states Certain committees in the parliament - Development Committee (DEVE) MEP’s

8. The European Union's structural changes

9. The European Union's structural changes The new Parliament in June 2009 The new European Commission in February 2010 The Lisbon Treaty into force in December 2009 (including amendments in EEAS, Foreign Affairs and Security Policy High Representative)

10. The new Commission Started it’s work on 10.2.2010 Development Commissioner Piebalgs Commissioner for International Cooperation, Humanitarian Aid and Crisis response Georgieva High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy and Vice President of the Commission Ashton The role of Foreign Relations and the foreign policy division still open

11. European Commission 2010-2014 27 Members of the Commission Directorates General (DG) and Services Cabinets

12. DG DEV ACP Policy Programming DG RELEX Other Countries Programming ECHO Humanitarian Aid DG TRADE Trade Agreements AIDCO / EuropeAid Implementation external actions DG ELARG “Candidates” Delegations Comission: The external relations before: The RELEX Family

13. External Relations Directorate General (DG Relex) –responsible for EU external relations policy –manages the development aid channelled through EU budget (other than ACP countries) –manages the European Commission delegations Directorate General for Development (DG Dev) –development policy for the ACP countries –manages the development assistance channelled through the European Development Fund (ACP countries)

14. Policy Implementation Responsible Service: EuropeAid Co-operation Office EuropeAid implements all external assistance outside the EU, except humanitarian aid (both from budget and from EDF)

15. Treaty of Lisbon (2009) Sets out poverty reduction and in the long term poverty eradication as the primary aim of EU development policy --> real policy with objectives independent from other external policies of the EU Union and the Member States shall apply with their UN commitments (MDGs) The coherence clause: –Article 188D: “ The Union shall take account of the objectives of development cooperation in the policies that it implements which are likely to affect developing countries.” National development policies and the EU policy should not only complement each other, they have to reinforce each other

16. Treaty of Lisbon The new architecture of the Lisbon Treaty: The High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy and Vice President of the Commission Catherine Ashton The European External Action Service Van Rompuy, the first long term President of the European Council Ratification process completed Dec 2009 The European Parliament approved in July EEAS organization and working methods

17. The new External Action Service The practical form of EEAS still searching for form NGO's have been concerned about the role of the development policy as part of the External Action Service Development cooperation is however achieving an independent role, the Commission retains the power over budget and implementation In practice means cooperation with Piebalgs, Ashton, and other interested parties For the first time, all developing countries are on the responsibility of one commissioner

18. Why is EU important?

19. The world's largest donor of development aid: about 60% of world development aid, and about 20% of Finland's development assistance are channeled through the EU The EU is in many developing countries the most important trading partner The EU has an important role in international organizations (eg UN, WTO and international financial institutions)

20. The world's largest donor of development aid Official development assistance per citizen, 2007 93€ 44€ 53€ EU Japan United States

21. EU's development policy objectives 1.) Poverty reduction 2.) The Millennium Development Goals 3.) Policy coherence for development 4.) 0.7% by 2015, 0.56% by 2010 5.) Human rights, good governance and sustainable development

22. Principles Coherence between EU policies with development objectives. Complementarity of programmes implemented by Member States and by the European Commission. Co-ordination between Member States and the European Commission on Development. Consistency of all external activities of the EU.

23. General principles Trieties: Maastricht (1993), Lisbon (2009) The European Consensus on Development Africa-EU –strategy Cotonou Agreement EU contribution towards the MDGs Policy coherence for development

24. Treaty of the European Union (1993) Art 177-181 of the Treaty of the European Union (Maastricht) reinforced by the treaties of Amsterdam and Nice provide the legal basis for EC development co-operation. EC policy shall foster: sustainable economic and social development. gradual integration of developing countries into the world economy. fight against poverty. democracy, the rule of law, respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms.

25. Strategy that sets out a common vision for development to guide both member states' bilateral efforts and EU activity in the field of development aid. Priorities: 1)eradication of poverty and achievement of the MDGs 2) least developed countries with a special focus on Africa 3) more effective delivery of aid 4) better coherence among EU policies 5) areas of EC comparative advantage European Consensus on Development (2005)

26. European Consensus on Development Community will focus eg. on the following sectors: - water and energy - rural development, agriculture and food security - good governance, democracy, human rights and support for economical and institutional reforms - conflict prevention and fragile states - trade and regional integration - human development, social cohesion and employment. Budgetsupport the preferred form of support

27. The EU strategy for Africa (2005)/ Joint Africa-EU strategy (2007) From fragmented policy formulation / implementation to a comprehensive framework & commitment to an increase in aid -> summary Focuses on steps necessary to meet the MDGs by 2015 Core policy areas: Peace and security Human rights and governance Better quality and quantity of development assistance Economic growth Regional Integration Trade Support to education and health sectors NGOs: lack of ownership and participation + African Representatives - > joint EU- Africa Strategy

28. comprehensive legal agreement between ACP and the EU (the Community and MS) Three pillars: Aid, Political dialogue, Trade Main economic focus is on the Economic Partnership Agreements e.g. free trade agreements between the EU and ACP countries The objectives include poverty eradication, enhancing the political dimension and promoting dialogue, including Non- state actors in aid policy Cotonou Agreement (2000-2020) The ACP-EU Partnership Agreement

29. The EPAs - Economic Partnership Agreements Free Trade Agreements which the EU has negotiated with African, Caribbean and Pacific countries (ACP countries) since 2002 Consultations take place, because the rules of the WTO demand changes to the EU-ACP trade relations Economic Partnership Agreements were intended to come into force in 2008 At present, negotiations on full contracts are still pending, provisional agreements have been signed by around 35 countries Plenty of criticism: would likely increase poverty in ACP countries

30. Financing for Development

31. European Union and ODA 2008 EU Aid € 49 billion (0,4 % of GDP) (46 billion 2007) EC Aid € 9 billion About 20 % of this total EU Share of ODA 60 % EC is the sixth largest donor after USA, UK, Japan, France and Germany Second largest donor of humanitarian aid Present in more than 160 countries

32. Source: EU Donor Atlas 2010, http://development.donoratlas.eu/

34. EU-comission development aid by regions A total of 9.6 billion euros (2008) Africa 42% Europe 21% Asia 19% Americas 8% Other 10% Least developed countries 31% Source: OECD Stat - ODA by recipient http://stats.oecd.org/index.aspxhttp://stats.oecd.org/index.aspx

35. Two funding sources The European Development Fund EDF - ACP countries, namely the African, Caribbean and Pacific countries - under DG Development The European Union's budget - other countries, plus through thematic programs projects also in ACP countries - under DG External Relations

36. EU Budget 2007-2013 5. Administration – € 55,9 billion 4. EU as a Global Player – € 55,9 billion 3. Citizenship, Freedom, Security and Justice – € 12,2 billion 2. Preservation and Management of Natural Resources – € 413,0 billion 1. Sustainable Growth – € 438,0 billion € 975,7 billion Main Headings: (6. Compensation – € 0,9 billion)

37. EU External Relations budget € 55,9 billion € Stability Instrument (IfS) Macro-financial assistance Humanitarian Aid Instrument – € 5,6 billion Development Cooperation Instrument (DCI) – €16,9 billion European Neighborhood and Partnership Instrument (ENPI) – € 11,2 billion Instrument of Pre-Accession (IPA) Human Rights and Democracy Instrument (EIDHR) – € 1,1 billion Co-operation with Industrialized countries Succesful NGO lobbying: DCI separated from the co-operation with industrialized countries Instrument Nuclear Safety instrument (NCI)

38. European Development Fund, EDF Development Cooperation with ACP countries Outside of the EU's budget Contributions are negotiated separately European 10. Development Fund for 2008-2013 (about € 23 billion) The first European Development Fund in 1957

39. Planning and Enforcement Planning: -The Commission’s Directorate General for External Relations (DG RELEX) and the Directorate General for Development (DG DEV) (Multi-year country strategies (country strategy papers, CSP) Enforcement: -The comission’s EuropeAid Cooperation Office ( Budget and EDF)

40. Civil dialogue

41. NGO roles Two major roles for NGOs: Service providers (or implementing agencies) –Objective: improve the living conditions of populations –Participation to EU Call for Proposals and tenders for project implementation Partners in dialogue (or advocacy agents) –Objective: represent the views of NGOs

42. NGOs as partners in dialogue Objective: represent the views of NGOs in public and political dialogue and decisionmaking processes. Role of NGOs highlighted in the joint Africa- EU strategy and in the Cotonou agreement

43. NGOs as partners in dialogue Civil society and its various actors play a key role as promoters of democracy, social justice and human rights. (stated also in the European Consensus) The EU recognizes the vital contribution of non- state actors (NSA) by virtue of their dual role as strategic partners in political, social and economic dialogue and key aid delivery actors.

44. CSOs promote - constructive and continuos dialogue, which is essential to ensure integration of the priorities and concerns of stakeholders in development strategies and programmes, - to strenghten their voice in development process and - to advance political, social and economic dialogue. NGOs as partners in dialogue

45. Ranges from informal to legally recognised structures Ranges from ad hoc to continuous exchange The degree of openness and the actual practices of civil dialogue in the EU differ greatly within and between institutions Lobbying and influencing has many different forms

46. Current concerns among European development NGO’s: The outcome of the European External Action Service (EEAS) Will the possible changes of Pielbalg’s green paper have an effect on the work of NGO’s? The green paper is strongly economical, development is seen as a technical issue Pielbalgs emphazises the more focused development cooperation, e.g. on the acriculture and energy sectors

47. Current concerns among European development NGOs: Budget support, as a vehicle of ownership? Refugee, student and security costs included in ODA figures? Budgetising the EDF

48. Challenges for NGOs Direct budget support and the rising importance of local authorities eat up the space of NGOs in the EU development funding The importance of development may decrease if it is integrated into the new EEAS Despite political commitments, NGOs in developing countries have difficulties to participate in EU policy formulation

49. Challenges to NGOs Ensuring that all EU policies are coherent with the goals of development policy Ensuring that EU implements the commitments towards eradicating poverty including MDGs, European Consensus, Africa-EU strategy Ensuring national ownership of development policies and civil society participation in setting of the priorities and programmes Ensuring more transparent aid in line with the developing countries’ needs

50. Challenges to NGOs The negotiations between different EU bodies are unofficial and not public – you must work for your information You must be able to identify who exactly is involved and what is the time schedule The availability of documents – only the final documents are public, not drafts Lobbist register

51. EU: some general concerns despite good aims other policies are harming development objectives despite promises EU aid is decreasing aid used as a tool for foreign and economic policy? lack of transparency aid is ineffective, not corresponding to the priorities and needs of the recipient countries funding for NGOs falling funding for social sectors falling

52. Lobbying case: EU Aid Report 08: No Time to Waste European Governments are behind schedule on aid quantity and quality On current trends the EU will have given €75 billion less between 2005 and 2010 than was promised EU MS are also inflating their aid figures EU aid was in fact spent on 1) debt cancellation 2) foreign student costs 3) refugees in donor countries NGOs call for real increases in ODA, a clean up in aid reporting, more transparency and more effective aid

53. 4) How to do it better ?

54. How to get your voice heard? Through existing structures –CONCORD –National NGO-platforms –Regional structures –International platforms and organisations Through direct approach –European Parliament –European Commission –Council of the EU (Member States)

55. How to do it well? –use your existing structures –work in networks –CSO effectiveness –establish a relationship: representatives in European Parliament –do not forget to have something in return: information, interesting knowledge, media attention – be clear and precise –find more resources

56. Tools to get more in –Trainings (LFA, project cycle management, EU´s global role…) –Documents, manuals, brochures –Work in networks –Working groups –seminars –www.kehys.fiwww.kehys.fi –www.concordeurope.org

57. Thank you ! rilli.lappalainen@kehys.fi www.kehys.fi