1. English for EAP Practice activities Reading more efficiently Lesson 4 Different text types English for Academic Purposes Practice activities Reading more efficiently Lesson 4 Different text types 1

2. Different text types In the last lesson, we looked at a review of an art exhibition. Reviews usually contain a description or summary of the exhibition, book or article being reviewed as well as the writer’s evaluation of it. It is useful to realise that different types of text follow different models or patterns. In this lesson we look at abstracts. For the purposes of studying you will need to read many abstracts. English for Academic Purposes Practice activities Reading more efficiently Lesson 4 Different text types 2

3. Different text types Here are two texts. Which one, A or B, is an abstract? A The aim of this study is twofold: (a) to replicate the previous survey finding that a majority of dreams spontaneously recollected from a randomly designated day following sleep contain at least 1 typical theme listed on the Dream Motif Scale, and (b) to examine typical themes experienced by Chinese people in their most recent dreams and diary dreams. In addition to the replication survey, in which 670 Chinese participants completed the Dream Motif Scale, 252 most recent dreams and 228 diary dreams were collected from 286 Chinese participants. The previous finding was precisely replicated to the effect that 87.5% of participants who were able to recall their dreams in the night before the completion of the Dream Motif Scale identified at least 1 typical theme in their recollected dreams. To obtain more reliable results, all dream reports collected for content analysis were coded by 3 independent judges using 2 lists of typical dream themes: Dream Motif Scale and Typical Content Analysis Grid. Approximately 60% of dream reports showed at least 1 typical theme, irrespective of which coding system and which type of dream reports were used for analysis. The comparison of the incidence rates suggests that the content analytical method might underestimate the prevalence of typical dream themes measured by the questionnaire method. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) English for Academic Purposes Practice activities Reading more efficiently Lesson 4 Different text types 3

4. Different text types B Have you ever had an awful dream in which your partner cheated on you? Apparently you're not alone, as it's one of the five most common things our minds play out in sleep. Dreams can be mundane, surreal, or even verge on terrifying. It is thought that we typically have several a night, each lasting between five and 20 minutes, although we tend to forget most of them. But how can we explain the ones we do remember? It is often our insecurities about our age, lifestyle, partners' infidelities and career choices which cause us to live out our fears in our sleep as we lose teeth, feel lost in unfamiliar places and fall from heights. English for Academic Purposes Practice activities Reading more efficiently Lesson 4 Different text types 4

5. Different text types English for Academic Purposes Practice activities Reading more efficiently Lesson 4 Different text types 5 Answers Text B is from a daily newspaper and is part of a longer article. It contains interactive language and many examples of the second person pronoun ‘you’. There is informal language, e.g. ‘an awful dream’. In the original, the paragraphs are indented and there is a picture.

6. Different text types ANSWER Text A is an abstract. Here is the full version showing the title, source and references etc. One hundred typical themes in most recent dreams, diary dreams, and dreams spontaneously recollected from last night. By Yu, Calvin Kai-Ching Dreaming, Vol 25(3), Sep 2015, 206-219. Abstract The aim of this study is twofold: (a) to replicate the previous survey finding that a majority of dreams spontaneously recollected from a randomly designated day following sleep contain at least 1 typical theme listed on the Dream Motif Scale, and (b) to examine typical themes experienced by Chinese people in their most recent dreams and diary dreams. In addition to the replication survey, in which 670 Chinese participants completed the Dream Motif Scale, 252 most recent dreams and 228 diary dreams were collected from 286 Chinese participants. The previous finding was precisely replicated to the effect that 87.5% of participants who were able to recall their dreams in the night before the completion of the Dream Motif Scale identified at least 1 typical theme in their recollected dreams. To obtain more reliable results, all dream reports collected for content analysis were coded by 3 independent judges using 2 lists of typical dream themes: Dream Motif Scale and Typical Content Analysis Grid. Approximately 60% of dream reports showed at least 1 typical theme, irrespective of which coding system and which type of dream reports were used for analysis. The comparison of the incidence rates suggests that the content analytical method might underestimate the prevalence of typical dream themes measured by the questionnaire method. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) http://psycnet.apa.org/index.cfm?fa=buy.optionToBuy&id=2015-18463-001 English for Academic Purposes Practice activities Reading more efficiently Lesson 4 Different text types 6

7. Different text types Abstracts The purpose of an abstract is to provide a brief yet thorough overview of an academic paper, or sometimes an experimental or lab report. It is usually what informs reader decision whether to read the whole paper. The official guidelines of the American Psychological Association (APA) are contained it its style manual, which gives guidelines for writing. A style manual is very useful for academic writing. The APA say that a good abstract should be: Brief but packed with information. Objective and accurate. English for Academic Purposes Practice activities Reading more efficiently Lesson 4 Different text types 7

8. Different text types Brief but packed with information. The APA gives the number of words as between 150 and 250. Each sentence is written to give maximum impact and information. The abstract focuses on just four or five of the most essential points, concepts, or findings. The abstract is written as only one paragraph with no indentation. English for Academic Purposes Practice activities Reading more efficiently Lesson 4 Different text types 8

9. Different text types Objective and accurate. The abstract's purpose is to report rather than provide commentary. It should accurately reflect what the paper is about and is structured in the same order as the paper. It starts with a brief summary of the Introduction, and continues with a summary of the Method, Results and Discussion sections. It only includes information that is included in the body of the paper. English for Academic Purposes Practice activities Reading more efficiently Lesson 4 Different text types 9

10. Different text types An abstract summarizing an experimental paper will differ from that of a meta-analysis or case study. An abstract of an experimental or lab report: Describes the problem Describes the participants in the study Briefly describes the study method used Gives the basic findings Provides conclusions or implications of the study English for Academic Purposes Practice activities Reading more efficiently Lesson 4 Different text types 10

11. Different text types An abstract of a meta-analysis or a literature review: Describes the problem or area of interest Explains the criteria that were used to select the studies included in the paper Identifies the participants of the studies Provides the main results Describes conclusions or implications English for Academic Purposes Practice activities Reading more efficiently Lesson 4 Different text types 11

12. Different text types Look on this slide at the first abstract again. Is it the abstract of a meta-analysis or of an experimental report? The aim of this study is twofold: (a) to replicate the previous survey finding that a majority of dreams spontaneously recollected from a randomly designated day following sleep contain at least 1 typical theme listed on the Dream Motif Scale, and (b) to examine typical themes experienced by Chinese people in their most recent dreams and diary dreams. In addition to the replication survey, in which 670 Chinese participants completed the Dream Motif Scale, 252 most recent dreams and 228 diary dreams were collected from 286 Chinese participants. The previous finding was precisely replicated to the effect that 87.5% of participants who were able to recall their dreams in the night before the completion of the Dream Motif Scale identified at least 1 typical theme in their recollected dreams. To obtain more reliable results, all dream reports collected for content analysis were coded by 3 independent judges using 2 lists of typical dream themes: Dream Motif Scale and Typical Content Analysis Grid. Approximately 60% of dream reports showed at least 1 typical theme, irrespective of which coding system and which type of dream reports were used for analysis. The comparison of the incidence rates suggests that the content analytical method might underestimate the prevalence of typical dream themes measured by the questionnaire method. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved) English for Academic Purposes Practice activities Reading more efficiently Lesson 4 Different text types 12

13. Different text types ANSWER An experimental report. It describes how the experiment was performed. English for Academic Purposes Practice activities Reading more efficiently Lesson 4 Different text types 13

14. Different text types This abstract is of a meta-analysis. Which feature shows this clearly? The present article briefly reviews the literature on gender differences in dream content. The results confirm earlier findings that men dream more often about men, physical aggression and sexuality than women. Women's dreams, on the other hand, contain an equal proportion of male and female characters, more aggression turned inwardly and themes of depression. In regard to formal features, e.g., dream realism, dream length, occurrence of verbal and physical interaction, dreams of men and women are quite similar. These findings are related to meta-analyses compiling studies of gender differences in waking-life. Since men, for example, were found to be more aggressive in waking-life and women tend to be more vulnerable to depression, the assumption of continuity between waking-life and dreaming is supported. English for Academic Purposes Practice activities Reading more efficiently Lesson 4 Different text types 14

15. Different text types ANSWER The present article briefly reviews the literature on gender differences in dream content. The results confirm earlier findings that men dream more often about men, physical aggression and sexuality than women. Women's dreams, on the other hand, contain an equal proportion of male and female characters, more aggression turned inwardly and themes of depression. In regard to formal features, e.g., dream realism, dream length, occurrence of verbal and physical interaction, dreams of men and women are quite similar. These findings are related to meta-analyses compiling studies of gender differences in waking-life. Since men, for example, were found to be more aggressive in waking-life and women tend to be more vulnerable to depression, the assumption of continuity between waking-life and dreaming is supported. English for Academic Purposes Practice activities Reading more efficiently Lesson 4 Different text types 15