1. E FFECTS OF V IGOR ON P SYCHOLOGICAL W ELL -B EING Ekaterina Solovieva York University Toronto, Canada

2. C O - AUTHORS I would like to gratefully acknowledge my co-authors: Esther Greenglass Lynda Cheng Noelia Vasquez Thanks to Lisa Fiksenbaum for statistical assistance. 2

3. I NTRODUCTION Well-established relationship between social support and psychological well- being outcomes Positively related to life satisfaction Negatively related to loneliness, anxiety and depression (e.g., Tao, Dong, Pratt, Hunsberger, & Pancer, 2000) 3

4. Conceptually separated in the past Importance of drawing on others’ resources for coping Relational skills as coping strengths C OPING & S OCIAL S UPPORT 4

5. planning and preventive strategies identification and utilization of social resources utilization of proactive emotional coping (Greenglass, Schwarzer, & Taubert, 1999) P ROACTIVE C OPING 5

6. Outcomes: Positive Vigor Life Satisfaction Outcomes: Negative Depression Burnout Anger Resources: Internal Self-Efficacy Optimism Resources: External Social Support Proactive Coping T HEORETICAL M ODEL : R ESOURCES, P ROACTIVE C OPING & O UTCOMES 6

7. C URRENT R ESEARCH Transition to university – great research opportunity Function of proactive coping and vigor in psychological well-being, especially negative outcomes (such as depression)? 7

8. P URPOSE OF C URRENT S TUDY To investigate the effects of social support, coping and vigor on psychological well-being in university students as reflected in the depression levels 8

9. M EASURES Social Support Proactive Coping Vigor Positive Affect Depression

10. S OCIAL S UPPORT Focused on informational support Measured using a 6-item questionnaire (Caplan et al., 1975) 10

11. S OCIAL S UPPORT ( CONT ’ D ) Sample item: “How much can people be relied on to provide you with assistance with your academic work when you need it most?” 4-point scale from (1) Not at all to (4) Very much Alpha in this study =.91 11

12. P ROACTIVE C OPING Strategies to build up general resources that facilitate the achievement of challenging goals (Greenglass et al., 1999) 14 items Sample item: “When I experience a problem, I take the initiative in resolving it” 12

13. P ROACTIVE C OPING ( CONT ’ D ) 4-point scale from (1) Not at all true to (4) Completely true Alpha in this study =.82 13

14. V IGOR … characterized by high levels of energy, mental resilience, stamina, and persistence when problems arise. A person with high degree of vigor is lively, active, energetic, cheerful and alert. (Greenglass, 2006) 14

15. V IGOR ( CONT ’ D ) Measured using 6-item vigor-activity subscale of The Profile of Mood States (POMS; McNair, Lorr, & Droppleman, 1971). Sample item: “How much have you been feeling energetic during the past week, including today?” 15

16. V IGOR ( CONT ’ D ) 5-point scale from (1) Not at all to (5) Extremely Alpha in this study =.88 16

17. P OSITIVE A FFECT … characterized by feelings of activeness, alertness and enthusiasm Measured using positive affect scale of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS; Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988) 17

18. P OSITIVE A FFECT ( CONT ’ D ) Sample item: “How often have you been feeling inspired during the past week, including today?” 5-point scale from (1) very slightly or not at all to (5) extremely Alpha in this study =.87 18

19. D EPRESSION Measured using Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL; Derogatis et al, 1974) 11 items Sample item: “Crying easily” 19

20. D EPRESSION 4-point scale from (1) Never to (4) Extremely often Alpha in this study =.81 20

21. P ROCEDURE First-year psychology students filled out an online questionnaire twice for URPP credit: In the beginning of the semester (Sept-Oct) Just prior to exam time (Nov-Dec) The participants were anonymous. A self- generated number was used to match responses from time 1 and time 2. 21

22. P ARTICIPANTS N=68, 81% female Average age: 18.65 years, SD=2.41 All are first year students 22

23. F INDINGS

24. C ORRELATION M ATRIX OF V ARIABLES 24

25. T HEORETICAL M ODEL Relationship between social support, proactive coping and vigor at time 1 and depression at time 2. Social Support Proactive Coping Vigor Depression (time 2) Time 1 25

26. E MPIRICAL M ODEL Relationship between social support, proactive coping and vigor at time 1 and depression at time 2. Social Support Proactive Coping Vigor Depression (time 2).34**.42*** -.32** Time 1  2 (3) = 3.792 p=.285 GFI =.973 AGFI =.911 CFI =.970 RMSEA =.063 26

27. Empirical Model Relating Proactive Coping, Social Support, Vigor and 2MW in Joint Arthroplasty Patients Time 1Time 2 Proactive Coping Social SupportVigor2MW.20*  2 (3)= 3.350 p=0.341 GFI= 0.989 AGFI= 0.965 CFI= 0.989 RMSEA=0.027.34***.25** 27

28. C ONCLUSIONS

29. Proactive coping mediated the effects of social support on vigor Vigor mediated the effects of proactive coping on depression High levels of vigor were associated with lower levels of depression 29

30. All self report measures in this study Behavioral measures of depression? Behavioral measures of vigor? L IMITATIONS 30

31. P OSSIBLE I NTERVENTIONS How can we assist first-year students as they transition to university? Higher vigor is associated with lower depression Can vigor be manipulated? 31

32. Cultivate social networks Develop programs to teach proactive coping that emphasizes taking control before disaster strikes P OSSIBLE I NTERVENTIONS ( CONT ’ D ) 32

33. T HANK YOU !