1. Topic 3: Periodicity 3.1 The periodic table 3.1.1 Describe the arrangement of elements in the periodic table in order of increasing atomic number 3.1.2 Distinguish between the terms group and period 3.1.3 Apply the relationship between the electron arrangement of elements and their position in the periodic table up to z=20. 3.1.4 Apply the relationship between the highest occupied energy level for an element and its position in the periodic table.

2. Groups: vertical columns (18) Groups: vertical columns (18) Have similar properties because have same number of electrons in outer shell Have similar properties because have same number of electrons in outer shell Periods: horizontal row (7) Periods: horizontal row (7) Family Names: Family Names: Group 1: alkali metals Group 1: alkali metals Group 2: alkaline earth metals Group 2: alkaline earth metals Group 17: halogens Group 17: halogens Group 18: noble gases Group 18: noble gases Group 3-12: Transition metals Group 3-12: Transition metals Groups 1,2, 13-18: representative elements Groups 1,2, 13-18: representative elements

4. 3.2 Physical properties 3.2.1 Define the terms first ionization energy and electronegativity 3.2.2 Describe and explain the trends in atomic radii, ionic radii, first ionization energy, electronegativities and melting points for alkali metals (Li  Cs) and the halogens (F  I). 3.2.3 Describe and explain the trends in atomic radii, ionic radii, first ionization energy, and electronegativities for elements across period 3.2.4 Compare the relative electronegative values of two or more elements based on their position on the periodic table.

5. Atomic Size The electron cloud doesn’t have a definite edge. The electron cloud doesn’t have a definite edge. They get around this by measuring more than 1 atom at a time. They get around this by measuring more than 1 atom at a time. Summary: it is the volume that an atom takes up Summary: it is the volume that an atom takes up http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/essen tialchemistry/flash/atomic4.swf http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/essen tialchemistry/flash/atomic4.swf http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/essen tialchemistry/flash/atomic4.swf http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/essen tialchemistry/flash/atomic4.swf

6. Group trends As we go down a group (each atom has another energy level) the atoms get bigger, because more protons and neutrons in the nucleus As we go down a group (each atom has another energy level) the atoms get bigger, because more protons and neutrons in the nucleus H Li Na K Rb

7. Periodic Trends atomic radius decreases as you go from left to right across a period. Why? Stronger attractive forces in atoms (as you go from left to right) between the opposite charges in the nucleus and electron cloud cause the atom to be 'sucked' together a little tighter. Remember filling up same energy level, little shielding occurring. Why? Stronger attractive forces in atoms (as you go from left to right) between the opposite charges in the nucleus and electron cloud cause the atom to be 'sucked' together a little tighter. Remember filling up same energy level, little shielding occurring. NaMgAlSiPSClAr

8. Ionic Size Cations form by losing electrons. Cations form by losing electrons. Cations are smaller than the atom they come from. Cations are smaller than the atom they come from. Metals form cations. Metals form cations. Cations of representative elements have noble gas configuration. Cations of representative elements have noble gas configuration.

9. Ionic size Anions form by gaining electrons. Anions form by gaining electrons. Anions are bigger than the atom they come from. Anions are bigger than the atom they come from. Nonmetals form anions. Nonmetals form anions. Anions of representative elements have noble gas configuration. Anions of representative elements have noble gas configuration.

10. Periodic Trends Metals losing from outer energy level, more protons than electrons so more pull, causing it to be a smaller species. Metals losing from outer energy level, more protons than electrons so more pull, causing it to be a smaller species. Non metals gaining electrons in its outer energy level, but there are less protons than electrons in the nucleus, so there is less pull on the protons, so found further out making it larger. Non metals gaining electrons in its outer energy level, but there are less protons than electrons in the nucleus, so there is less pull on the protons, so found further out making it larger. Li +1 Be +2 B +3 C +4 N -3 O -2 F -1

11. Size of Isoelectronic ions Positive ions have more protons so they are smaller. Positive ions have more protons so they are smaller. Al +3 Mg +2 Na +1 Ne F -1 O -2 N -3

12. Electronegativity

13. Electronegativity The tendency for an atom to attract electrons to itself when it is chemically combined with another element. The tendency for an atom to attract electrons to itself when it is chemically combined with another element. How fair it shares. How fair it shares. Big electronegativity means it pulls the electron toward it. Big electronegativity means it pulls the electron toward it. Atoms with large negative electron affinity have larger electronegativity. Atoms with large negative electron affinity have larger electronegativity.

15. Group Trend The further down a group the farther the electron is away and the more electrons an atom has. The further down a group the farther the electron is away and the more electrons an atom has. So as you go from fluorine to chlorine to bromine and so on down the periodic table, the electrons are further away from the nucleus and better shielded from the nuclear charge and thus not as attracted to the nucleus. For that reason the electronegativity decreases as you go down the periodic table. So as you go from fluorine to chlorine to bromine and so on down the periodic table, the electrons are further away from the nucleus and better shielded from the nuclear charge and thus not as attracted to the nucleus. For that reason the electronegativity decreases as you go down the periodic table.

16. Period Trend Electronegativity increases from left to right across a period Electronegativity increases from left to right across a period When the nuclear charge increases, so will the attraction that the atom has for electrons in its outermost energy level and that means the electronegativity will increase When the nuclear charge increases, so will the attraction that the atom has for electrons in its outermost energy level and that means the electronegativity will increase

17. Period trend Electronegativity increases as you go from left to right across a period. Why? Elements on the left of the period table have 1 -2 valence electrons and would rather give those few valence electrons away (to achieve the octet in a lower energy level) than grab another atom's electrons. As a result, they have low electronegativity. Elements on the right side of the period table only need a few electrons to complete the octet, so they have strong desire to grab another atom's electrons. Why? Elements on the left of the period table have 1 -2 valence electrons and would rather give those few valence electrons away (to achieve the octet in a lower energy level) than grab another atom's electrons. As a result, they have low electronegativity. Elements on the right side of the period table only need a few electrons to complete the octet, so they have strong desire to grab another atom's electrons.

18. Group Trend electronegativity decreases as you go down a group. Why? Elements near the top of the period table have few electrons to begin with; every electron is a big deal. They have a stronger desire to acquire more electrons. Elements near the bottom of the chart have so many electrons that loosing or acquiring an electron is not as big a deal. Why? Elements near the top of the period table have few electrons to begin with; every electron is a big deal. They have a stronger desire to acquire more electrons. Elements near the bottom of the chart have so many electrons that loosing or acquiring an electron is not as big a deal. This is due to the shielding affect where electrons in lower energy levels shield the positive charge of the nucleus from outer electrons resulting in those outer electrons not being as tightly bound to the atom. This is due to the shielding affect where electrons in lower energy levels shield the positive charge of the nucleus from outer electrons resulting in those outer electrons not being as tightly bound to the atom.

19. Shielding Shielded slightly from the pull of the nucleus by the electrons that are in the closer orbitals. Shielded slightly from the pull of the nucleus by the electrons that are in the closer orbitals. Look at this analogy to help understand Look at this analogy to help understandanalogy

20. Melting Points of Group 1 Element Melting Point (K) Li453 Na370 K336 Rb312 Cs301 Fr295

21. Metallic bonding Collective bond, not a single bond Collective bond, not a single bond Strong force of electromagnetic attraction between delocalized electrons (move freely). Strong force of electromagnetic attraction between delocalized electrons (move freely). This is sometimes described as "an array of positive ions in a sea of electrons This is sometimes described as "an array of positive ions in a sea of electrons

22. Why does the melting point decrease going down the alkali metals family? Atoms are larger and their outer electrons are held farther away from the positive nucleus. Atoms are larger and their outer electrons are held farther away from the positive nucleus. The force of attraction between the metal ions and the sea of electrons thus gets weaker down the group. The force of attraction between the metal ions and the sea of electrons thus gets weaker down the group. Melting points decrease as less heat energy is needed to overcome this weakening force of attraction. Melting points decrease as less heat energy is needed to overcome this weakening force of attraction.

23. Melting Points for halogens Element Melting Point (K) Fluorine85 Chlorine238 Bromine332 Iodine457 Astatine610

25. Why does melting point increase going down the halogens? The halogens are diatomic molecules, so F 2, Cl 2, Br 2, I 2 The halogens are diatomic molecules, so F 2, Cl 2, Br 2, I 2 As the molecules get bigger there are more electrons that can cause more influential intermolecular attractions between molecules. As the molecules get bigger there are more electrons that can cause more influential intermolecular attractions between molecules. The stronger the I.A, the more difficult it will be to melt. (more energy needed to break the I.A) The stronger the I.A, the more difficult it will be to melt. (more energy needed to break the I.A)

26. What are these I.A? van der Waals forces: Electrons are mobile, and although in a diatomic molecule they should be shared equally, it is found that they temporarily move and form slightly positive end and negative end. Electrons are mobile, and although in a diatomic molecule they should be shared equally, it is found that they temporarily move and form slightly positive end and negative end. Now that one end is + and the other -, there can be intermolecular attractions between the opposite charges of the molecules Now that one end is + and the other -, there can be intermolecular attractions between the opposite charges of the molecules

27. van der Waals forces

28. IB requires knowledge specifically for halogens. Check out this site for more detail. IB requires knowledge specifically for halogens. Check out this site for more detail. http://www.chemguide.co.uk/inorganic/group7/p roperties.html http://www.chemguide.co.uk/inorganic/group7/p roperties.html