1. Map of Egypt’s Physiographic Features

2. Egypt’s and the Near East’s Map Questions 1.What is the longest river in Africa? 2.What ocean lies east of Africa? 3.What is the large body of water that separates Africa from Europe? 4.What is the sea south of the Sinai Peninsula that is linked to the Indian Ocean? 5.What chain of mountains is located in the southern part of modern Turkey? 6.What body of water lies between the Arabian Peninsula and modern Iran? 7. What river flows southeast across modern Iraq, near the city of Baghdad? Nile River Indian Ocean Mediterranean Sea Red Sea Taurus Mountains Persian Gulf Tigris River

3. 8. What river is located southwest of the Tigris River and flows southeast to the Persian Gulf? 9. What mountain range is located east of the Tigris River, in the southwestern part of Iran? 10. What desert lies west of the Nile River and covers parts of modern Egypt, Libya, and Sudan? 11. What desert lies in modern Egypt between the Nile River and the Red Sea? 12.What triangular area, bordered by water on three sides, connects the continents of Africa and Asia? 13. What body of water is fed by the Jordan River and lies south of the Sea of Galilee? 14.What river flows through the Sea of Galilee and into the Dead Sea? 15. What mountain range runs parallel to the Mediterranean Sea from Lebanon into Syria? Euphrates River Zagros Mountains Libyan Desert Arabian Desert Sinai Peninsula Dead Sea Jordan River Lebanon Mountains

4. 16.What desert is located between the Sinai Peninsula and the Dead Sea? 17. What term is used to refer to the northernmost region of the Nile River, which is roughly shaped like a triangle? 18. What desert lies mostly south of Egypt between the Nile River and the Red Sea? 19. What large body of land is bordered on the northeast by the Persian Gulf, on the southeast by the Indian Ocean, and on the west by the Red Sea? 20. What desert lies west of the Euphrates River and north of the Arabian Peninsula? Negev Desert Nile Delta Nubian Desert Arabian Peninsula Syrian Desert

5. EGYpTTODAYEGYpTTODAY

6. Physiographic Features of Egypt

7. NUBIAN DESERT The Nubian Desert is located in northeast Africa, between the Nile River and the Red Sea. It is an approximately 97,000 square mile region of the Sahara Desert. Primarily a sandstone plateau, this arid (dry) region has numerous wadis, or dry watercourses, which fill with water that flows to the Nile during periods of heavy rainfall. The ancient Kushites mined copper and gold from this desert, and traded these metals to Egypt for linen and grain.

8. NUBIAN DESERT

9. NILE DELTA The delta of the Nile River is a triangle shaped region located north of Cairo, in northeastern Egypt. Originally, as many as seven branches of the Nile wound through the delta. The delta contains sixty percent of Egypt’s cultivated land (farmland), large areas of marshy wetlands, and shallow lakes. During ancient times, the Egyptians took advantage of the region’s rich soil, gentle winds, and level landscape to develop an extremely productive agricultural system.

10. NILE DELTA

11. ARABIAN DESERT The Arabian Desert is the eastern desert of Egypt. It runs from the Nile River in the west to the Red Sea and the Gulf of Suez in the east. The desert is mountainous and rutted by deep, dry riverbeds. The ancient Egyptians used its abundant quarries of granite, feldspar, and other materials for many of their building projects.

12. ARABIAN DESERT

13. NILE RIVER The Nile River is the longest river in the world, stretching 4,160 miles. It flows northward from its headstream in Central Africa to its delta on the Mediterranean Sea. The Nile runs through parts of Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, and Zaire. At six different places along the Nile, crystalline rocks form cataracts, or stretches of rapids and waterfalls that are not navigable. According to the ancient Greek historian Herodotus, Egypt was “the gift of the Nile” because its waters supported large scale agriculture, made transportation easier, and provided a variety of edible plants and animals.

14. NILE RIVER

15. MEDITERRANEAN SEA The Mediterranean Sea is the world’s largest inland sea. Surrounded by Europe, Africa, and Asia, it covers an area approximately of nine hundred and sixty-five thousand square miles. The Mediterranean Sea connects with the Atlantic Ocean and the Black Sea by way of the Aegean Sea. The shores of the sea are mainly mountainous. Many species of fish, sponges, and coral are abundant in the sea. The ancient Egyptians were originally afraid to sail on the Mediterranean, and so they relied on traders from other lands to bring them goods from Anatolia (Turkey) and Canaan. Eventually, the Egyptians got over their fear and sailed the Mediterranean Sea doing their own trading.

16. MEDITERRANEAN SEA

17. LIBYAN DESERT The Libyan Desert is the northeastern part of Africa’s Sahara Desert, the largest desert in the world. The Libyan Desert covers parts of southwestern Egypt, eastern Libya, and northwestern Sudan. The region consists primarily of sand dunes, course, stony plains, and plateaus of bare rock. Although its hot, dry climate is harsher and more forbidding than that of Egypt’s eastern deserts, the oases of this region were known in ancient times for their wines and agricultural products.

18. LIBYAN DESERT

19. Settling Ancient Egypt Most Egyptians settled along the Nile River. The Nile provides farmable soil from when it flooded, water for bathing/drinking/etc., fish, ducks, geese, and papyrus. A shaduf is a device Egyptian farmers used to irrigate their cultivated fields. It was important because they could water their plants with fresh water to keep their fields fertile. The Egyptians did not have to worry about fighting many enemies because they were protected on 3 sides by deserts and they had plenty of farmland and did not have to conquer others to get more. +- river flooded predictably relying on a river rich soil near river dry environment protected by deserts have to irrigate plenty of resources 1)Where did most people in Egypt settle? 2)What are resources the Nile provided/gave to the Egyptians? 3)What is a shaduf and why was it important to Egyptian farmers? 4)What are two reasons why the Egyptians did not have to worry about fighting many enemies? 5) What are the positive and negative aspects of settling in Egypt?

21. UNIFICATION OF EGYPT

22. PARTS of EGYPT UPPER EGYPT southern Egypt over 500 miles long first cataract northward to the Nile Delta LOWER EGYPT northern Egypt It is the Nile Delta 100 miles long but very wide

23. 1) Which Egyptian king united Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt and which part of Egypt was he from? 2) What was the title given to the king/ruler of Egypt? 3) What did the Egyptians believe their ruler was? 4) What were the two responsibilities of the pharaoh? 5) Ancient Egypt was ruled by over thirty different dynasties. What is a dynasty? Unification Narmer united Upper and Lower Egypt and he was from Upper Egypt The king/ruler of Egypt was known as the “Pharaoh” The Egyptians believed their ruler was a god keep Egyptian society in order protect Egypt from its enemies A dynasty is a series of rulers from the same family

24. KINGDOMS Prehistoric Egypt Old Kingdom Middle Kingdom New Kingdom Dates 3700 – 2700 BCE 2686 – 2181 BCE 2055 – 1650 BCE 1570 – 1070 BCE Nickname Age of Pyramids Period of Reunification Egypt’s Golden Age Important Achievements Irrigation Formed Government Hieroglyphs Built the Great Pyramids Became strong again Achievements in literature, art and architecture Became a world power by conquering others

25. Famine Stella Old Kingdom2630-2611 BCE

26. 1. Reigned for 19 years 2. During his reign there were new developments in agriculture, and increase in trade, and the development of cities 3. Fought and expanded Egypt’s territory 1. Built the world’s first complete stone building, the Step Pyramid 2. Brought a “miraculous end” to a severe food shortage (famine) by constructing a new temple to honor the God, Khnum (god who controlled the annual flow of the Nile) FACTS and SIGNIFICANCE

27. Step Pyramid

28.  Khufu’s only remaining statue Khufu’s sarcophagus  Old Kingdom2551-2528 BCE

29. 1. He reigned for 23 years 2. He was very cruel and harsh to the people of Egypt 3. Few written records left from his time 1. Built the Great Pyramid at Giza 2. He was buried in the Great Pyramid at Giza FACTS and SIGNIFICANCE

30. The Great Pyramid at Giza

31. Senusret I statue Pillar from the Jubilee Chapel showing Senusret I talking to a god Middle Kingdom1971-1926 BCE

32. 1. He reigned for 45 years 2. Expanded Egypt’s territory by fighting Nubia and Libya 3. Established strong fortresses throughout Egypt to protect its gold, copper, and granite sources 1. Improved shrines and temples and built the Jubilee Chapel 2. Encouraged cultural development – fine jewelry and literature 3. One of the greatest works of Egyptian literature was produced during his reign, The Story of Sinuhe FACTS and SIGNIFICANCE

33.  The recreated Jubilee Chapel “ The Story of Sinuhe” as written in stone

34. Middle Kingdom1473-1458 BCE

35. 1. She reigned for 15 years 2. She was one of ancient Egypt’s few female pharaohs 3. She became a pharaoh when she seized power from her nephew 4. When she died, her nephew destroyed much of the information about his aunt and what she did 1. Organized trading expeditions to foreign lands (Punt – an African kingdom southeast of Egypt) to get luxury goods not available in Egypt 2. Some of the luxury goods included gold, ivory, leopard skins, ostrich feathers, incense, rare woods, greyhounds and cheetahs 3. Thutmose III may have played a role in her death - her body disappeared after she died and was found in 2007 FACTS and SIGNIFICANCE

36. A picture depicting the Egyptian trade ships leaving for Punt A column from one of Hatshepsut’s temples

37. Hatshepsut’s mummy

38. New Kingdom1353-1335 BCE

39. 1. He reigned for 18 years 2. His real name was Amenhotep until he changed it to Akhenaten – to honor the god, Aten 3. Abandoned the capital city of Thebes and started a new capital city called Akhetaten 1. Changed the religion of Egypt from worshipping many Gods to one God, Aten - the Sun God 2. Changed artwork to show people more natural looking and he attacked other gods by destroying their sites and statues 3. The Egyptian people were so angry that when the pharaoh died, his successors destroyed almost everything he did, as well as, his corpse FACTS and SIGNIFICANCE

40. Remains of the capital city of Akhetaten

41. New Kingdom1290-1224 BCE

42. 1. He reigned for 66 years 2. Considered one of the most important pharaohs of Egypt 3. He lived well into his eighties, had more than 100 wives and over 100 children 1. Constructed many things – palaces, a new capital, monuments, wells, quarries, mines, tombs, and temples --- Ramesseum 2. Courageous military leader who fought many battles to expand and protect Egypt’s territory 3. Fought the Hittites to a draw even though he was greatly outnumbered FACTS and SIGNIFICANCE

43. The Great Temple of Ramesses II

45. A stone was found near the Nile River by French troops in the city of Rosetta, Egypt in 1799. This stone had the same short story written on it in Greek, in Egyptian Demotic (the popular language of Egypt at the time), and in ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics. Since the year 300 or so, no one in the world remembered how to read the ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs. However, in 1822, Jean Francois Champollion deciphered the hieroglyphs on the Rosetta Stone and allowed modern scholars to read and understand all of the hieroglyphic messages left to us from the ancient Egyptians. Since the discovery of and deciphering of the Rosetta Stone, there has been a great interest in ancient Egyptian writing. Egyptian hieroglyphics, holy writing, is a picture-based language. Egyptians started using hieroglyphics around 3000 BCE, and writing soon became a well-developed craft. Scribes (Egyptian writers and teachers) were held in high esteem and given great importance. Scribes wrote everyday messages on papyrus, a type of paper made from the papyrus plant growing by the Nile. Very important information was carved into stone so that it would last forever. Scribes kept records of supplies and taxes, wrote letters and messages, designed the inscriptions carved into tombs and wrote manuals on just about anything. They worked in temples, markets, army barracks, government offices or anywhere their skills were needed. EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPHS

46. Pictorial symbols represented specific sounds. What made this system confusing was that often the same symbol also represented entire words. For example, the symbol meant either the letters “c” or “k” or the word “basket”. Hieroglyphics are written in rows, and originally they were read from right to left. Scribes were often talented designers and paid attention to how the entire text appeared. Because of this, the scribe would sometimes write the symbols in a row (from top to bottom, bottom to top or left to right) or even stack the hieroglyphs. Finished inscriptions looked very decorative and were colorful. But there are common clues in hieroglyphic writing. Symbols of animals or people are always facing in the direction of the beginning of the row or stack, and each row or stack of symbols is separated by a line drawn underneath the writing. Names of the pharaohs are enclosed in a cartouche, an oval with a line at the end indicating the person’s royal stature. In reading hieroglyphic text, a cartouche is easily recognized. It was believed that this nameplate would protect the person or site. In ancient Egypt, a cartouche was attached to the coffin of the dead pharaoh and his tomb. The ancient Egyptians believed that you had to have your name written down somewhere to be protected so that you would not disappear when you died.

47. HIEROGLYPHIC ALPHABET

48. ROSETTA STONE

49. JEAN FRANCOIS CHAMPOLLION

50. HIEROGLYPHS and CARTOUCHES

51. RELIGION and MUMMIFICATION

52. 1)Mummification is when all of the water is taken out of the body of a dead person and then the body is embalmed to protect it from decay.

53. 2)The priests were responsible for the mummification process because the process was getting the dead person ready for the afterlife where the gods were and only the priests could communicate with the gods.

54. 3)Items were placed in the tomb to ensure that the person would continue to have and enjoy the good things of this life in the afterlife, such as, statues, food and drink, jewelry, clothes, games, gold and other riches.

55. 4)The death of an Egyptian was important because the Egyptians believed in an afterlife where the dead person’s soul would go to meet back up with its body and continue its life. If the soul and body did not reunite then life stopped.

56. Mummification Steps Take the internal organs out of the body. Wash the body and pack it with natron. The same thing is done with the removed organs. Remove the body and organs from the natron after 40 days, wash body and organs, coat body in oil and resins, and close cut in stomach area. Place organs in canopic jars. Wrap body with linen. Place mask on mummy and put mummy in coffin. Put coffin, canopic jars, and items to be used in the afterlife in the tomb.

57. MUMMY MAKER SIMULATIONS http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/egyptians/launch_gms_mummy_maker.shtml http://oi.uchicago.edu/OI/MUS/ED/mummy.html http://www.childrensuniversity.manchester.ac.uk/interactives/interactive_fs.asp?swf path=history/egypt/makeamummy.swf

58. PYRAMIDS

59. STEP PYRAMID

60. BENT PYRAMID

61. Great Pyramid of Khufu

62. GREAT SPHINX

63. Pyramid of Khafre

64. Other Buildings with the Pyramids

65. A mastaba is a bench shaped mound tomb built for the burial of early Egyptian pharaohs The Great Pyramid at Giza’s base covers 13 acres and the pyramid rises 450 feet into the air. It is 30 times larger then the Empire State building The Sphinx is a massive statue of a lion with the head of a pharaoh Temples, chapels, other tombs, massive walls, and smaller pyramids can be found at the pyramid site

66. The Pyramid Texts have been a source of great information about Egyptian rulers and religion Pyramids are considered earthquake proof because their corner stones have ball and socket joints that allowed them to expand and contract with movement A stone gets to the pyramid site by: *being placed on a raft and floated down the Nile to the site *moved on rolling logs called sledges to the pyramid *brought up ramps to be positioned on the pyramid

67. The pyramids were built by ordinary citizens as part of their tax payment to the government Pyramid building was stopped because it was expensive, it took a lot of time, and the pyramids did not keep the pharaoh safe in death

68. PYRAMID SIMULATION http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/egyptians/launch_gms_pyramid_builder.shtml

69. PYRAMID MATH Over two million stones were used in the construction of the Great Pyramid. Write the numeral for two million. For nine months out of the year farmers tended their crops. What fraction of a year did they farm? Reduce the fraction to its lowest terms. Khufu’s successor’s pyramid is 470 feet tall which is 10 feet lower than Khufu’s pyramid. How tall is the Great Pyramid? Between 3000 BCE and 1100 BCE Egypt was ruled by a long line of pharaohs. How many years did the pharaohs rule altogether? A work force of over 50,000 farmers was drafted to work on the pyramids each year. They were divided into gangs of 25. How many gangs were created? Each side of a pyramid was 740 feet long. How many feet was it around the base of the pyramid? 2,000,000 3/4 480 feet 1900 years 2,000 gangs 2960 feet

70. In November 2468 BCE, the pyramid site was marked but it wasn’t leveled until the end of September 2467 BCE. How much time had passed? One hundred twenty-four courses had been completed in 26 years. Approximately how many courses were built each year? Round to the nearest whole number. A second royal tomb was begun in 2461 BCE. The first had begun in 2468 BCE. How many years passed between the construction of the two tombs? Granite was found 960 kilometers to the south. How many miles is that? (1.6km = 1 mile) Stones in the first course were moved easily but the next 123 courses had to be raised on top of the preceding one. How many courses were there altogether? In 2457 BCE work gangs began quarrying at Tura. For the next 14 years they ferried stone across the flooded valley. In what year was the process completed? 10 months 5 courses 7 years 600 miles 124 courses 2443 BCE

71. PYRAMID FLOW CHART The land was cleared. Scribes prepared a list of necessary stone Tunnels were dug into the face of the cliff. Each block was cut and assigned to a work gang for delivery. The men rolled the stone block onto a wooden sled. The stone block was dragged to a waiting boat. The work gang’s name was checked off the list once they reached the site.

72. EGYPT and KUSH 1) Kush was southeast of Egypt 2) Other names for Kush were: Nubia = gold Aethiopia = land of burned faces 3) Kush was a trade center 4)

73. 5) Egypt protected its trade routes by invading and conquering Kush several times to protect their trade routes 6) Egypt at the end of the new Kingdom was unable to control parts of its empire, so the Kushites rose up and conquered the Egyptians 7) Piye 8) Built and repaired temples and monuments Supported artists and craftspeople

74. 9) The Assyrians defeat the Kushites and take control of Egypt.

75. ANCIENT EGYPT’S DECLINE Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten) reign of not maintaining Egypt’s land and not defending Egypt. Also he made his people worship one god caused resentment and unrest Priests became powerful and supported by the government Drained from large scale building and maintenance projects

76. Weakened by wars Series of weak pharaohs Army of mercenaries – foreign soldiers Inferior technology – still doing things the way they had for over 3000 years Constantly threatened by their rivals