1. European Exploration 1450-1730 Chapter 3 Notes- Mrs. J. Williams SS8H1 The student will evaluate the development of Native American cultures and the impact of European exploration and settlement on the Native American cultures in Georgia. b. Evaluate the impact of European contact on Native American cultures; include Spanish missions along the barrier islands, and the explorations of Hernando De Soto. c. Explain reasons for European exploration and settlement of North America, with emphasis on the interests of the French, Spanish, and British in the southeastern area. Hernando de Soto

2. Questions to think about… What impact did the arrival of the Europeans have on the early Native American cultures? 2. Why did the Europeans (primarily the Spanish, French and English) explore and later settle parts of North America?

3. Background information Pre-1500’s Prior to the 16th century (1500s), there were three continents known to exist: Europe, Asia and Africa. Europeans viewed themselves as superior to other races and nationalities. Europeans believed it was their duty to help “civilize” other nations. Europe is/was not home to many natural resources. Europeans did not sail far outside the “view of land”. Although most educated individuals believed the world to be “round”, it was “untested”. European explorers underestimated greatly the size of the Earth. Europeans were intrigued by the spices, silks, stories, tea, gems and riches of the Orient, Far East or East Indies (China, India & Japan) which led to the Age of Discovery. The Silk Road had provided a means to carry these items to Europe. However, Muslim Empires controlled the “Middle East” and made traveling by land more dangerous and difficult. As a result, Europeans began looking for water routes to eliminate danger as well as “middle man” fees.

4. World map- 1490

5. The beginning of European exploration Between the 1300’s and the 1600’s a rebirth or “Renaissance” was taking place in Europe. This was a period of increased interest in art and learning. There were changes in religion, learning, and trade. Many wondered if there was a better trade route to Asia, particularly by water instead of land. Europeans were in search of: God Glory Gold The Mona Lisa by Leonardo Da Vinci 1503-1517

6. So why try to find a new trade route? Europeans traded with Asia for centuries Middlemen: a trader who buys goods from producers and sells them to other traders and consumers. Middlemen drove up the prices of the goods. Europeans wanted to find new trade routes that didn’t involve the middlemen.

7. The beginning of European exploration continued… Portuguese explorers Bartolomeau Dias and Vasco da Gama both attempted to sail around Africa and north to Asia. Only Da Gama was eventually successful in 1497. Three major countries that explored the New World were: Spain, France, and England (British) Vasco Da Gama

8. The beginning of European exploration continued… Italian explorer, Christopher Columbus decides to also find a new route to Asia during this time period and goes westward from Europe. His trip was sponsored by the Spanish monarchy. In 1492, he landed in the “New World” and thought he was in India. He called the natives “Indians.” (He was actually in what we now call the Bahamas.) He named this land “San Salvador” The ships he sailed on were the Pinta, Nina, & Santa Maria He makes several voyages afterwards, telling the Spanish of what he had found. This begins the era of Spanish exploration. Contrary to popular belief, Columbus never set foot on what is known today as North America.

9. Columbus’ Voyages

10. Spanish explorers With this new information, Spanish soldiers called conquistadors began to follow Columbus to the “New World” in search of gold and other treasures. The Spanish used horses, steel weapons, and guns to overpower native tribes, rather than to work with them. Europeans brought new technologies and culture that natives had never seen before, but also brought diseases that killed and weakened millions of natives such as small pox, measles, and typhus.

11. The Columbian Exchange The exchange of plants, animals, and diseases from the Old World to the New World became known as the Columbian Exchange

12. Hernando de Soto- Spanish explorer The first European to explore what is now Georgia was Hernando de Soto. He travels on the southeastern part of the New World in search of gold. He never finds it, but steals treasures from natives and takes it back to Spain. 1540 he explores what is now Southwestern Georgia to what is now North Carolina with help from friendly natives. This did not last long. Along the way he treats the natives harshly and reports back to Spain of all the land and riches he has found. Spain is pleased with these discoveries as De Soto enslaves or kills natives along the way. Short video on De Soto

13. Barrier Islands and the Spanish Missions: Catholic outposts along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts used to convert Indians to Christianity In 1566 Spaniards moved up to St. Catherine’s Island and founded the mission Santa Catalina The first city settled in the New World was St. Augustine – Spanish Florida St. Marys, St. Catherines, & Ossabaw were all missions a part of the Spanish province Guale (pr: Wali) Mocama was another Spanish province that had several missions

14. The French Most French wanted what the Spanish had: Riches, fame, and place where they could be free to practice religion as they wished. Hugenots- French settlers that were French Protestants. (France was officially Catholic) In 1562 Jean Ribault (ree-bow) and Rene de Laudonniere set out from France to explore SE coast of North America in hopes of starting a colony. They wanted to establish colonies on the SE Atlantic coast. From there they could attack Spanish treasure ships that were traveling back to Spain.

15. The French Ribault and Laudonniere land in what is now known as Florida and sail further north. In what is now South Carolina, they build Charlesfort, but soon start running out of supplies so they go back to France to get more. Back in France there is a religious war and they cannot get the supplies from France so they ask England for money and supplies. Queen Elizabeth gives him the money, but then the English suspect he’s not being honest about his journey and he is imprisoned until 1565. Back in Charlesfort, the colonist realize he is not going to return and abandon the fort and return to France.

16. France leaves Florida 1564 De Laudonniere returns to FL with 300 Huguenots and build Fort Caroline. Relations with the natives were good, but soon the natives refused to help and supplies ran low. By the time Ribault was released from prison and returns to FL, only to find the Spanish have destroyed Ft. Caroline. Ribault is killed and De Laudonniere is wounded and goes back to France. The French leave the SE coast of North America, but begin to colonize in Canada, areas around the Mississippi River, the Great lakes, etc. This time the French treat the natives with greater respect because they needed them for the fur trade and some even learned native languages and customs.

17. The English (British) ► The race for the New World heated up between England and Spain- England was crowded and there was not enough food. Many wanted religious freedom and economic opportunities. (English were Protestant) ► Spain’s success in finding gold made it very rich and powerful. ► Spain’s rise to power caused tension between England and Spain and led to an undeclared war between the two. ► England and their strong navy came out on top and beat the Spanish Armada (Spanish fleet of ships). ► Once it was realized that Spain could be beat, England ordered the attack on Spanish territories. Spanish Armada English Navy

18. The English (British) continued… Jamestown was the first permanent settlement in the New World- this is modern day VA. Many problems plagued this colony: disease, harsh weather, location They found that tobacco grew very well in this area and were able to trade it. Indentured Servants agreed to work for someone for a set period of time in return for passage to the New World Slave: Had few rights and spent the entire lives in service to others

19. English economy Mercantilism- government controls trade and attempts to transfer wealth from the colonies to the parent country. Brief video explaining mercantilism

20. The English (British continued) England sets up more colonies in New England and Carolinas. The begin to push the Spanish back to Florida. This creates more conflict between Spain and England. Natives siding with the English also fight against natives who sided with the Spanish. England sets up Fort King George on the Altamaha river to protect them from France and Spain. In 1721 the garrison (a fort where troops are housed) was finished. In the 1730’s the English issued a royal charter for the creation of the Georgia colony. Fort Pulaski- A garrison in Savannah, GA European nations were able to spread Christianity, gained riches, found new raw goods and materials.

21. European settlements 1700’s