1. LIPIDS

2. Definition  Lipids (fixed oil, fats and waxes) are esters of long chain fatty acids and alcohols or of closely related derivatives.  The chief difference between these substances is the type of alcohol; in fixed oil and fats-glycerol combines with the fatty acids; in waxes – the alcohol has a higher molecular weight, eg. Cetyl alcohol,

3.  Derived From: Fats and Fixed oils are obtained from either plants (Olive oil, Peanut Oil) or animals (lard). Their primary function is food (energy) storage.  Waxes may also be of plant and animal origin.  Veg. Oil Mainly occurs in Seed. Eg. Cottonseed oil, linseed, sesame seed, hemp seed, coconut, castor beans, almonds etc.

4.  Difference: Only in MP  Liquid at normal temp.- Fixed Oil  Semisolid / Solid – Fat  Vegetable Oil- Liquid  Animal fat- Solid  Exception: Cocoa Butter & Cod liver oil

5. Identity, Quality, Purity  According to USP, Acid Value, Saponification Value, Iodine Number are some test method.  Acid Value*: The number of milligrams of KOH required to neutralize the free fatty acids in 1gm of the substance

6.  Saponification value: The number of milligrams of KOH required to neutralize the free fatty acids and saponify the esters contained in 1gm of substance  Iodine Number*: The number of grams of iodine absorbed, under prescribed condition, by 100 gm of the substance  MP, Specific Gravity, Refractive Index

7.  Fixed Oil- Crude Vegetable Oil- Expression in hydraulic press  If carried out in cold- Virgin Oil / Cold-pressed oil  If heat is applied- hot-pressed oil  Extraction with organic solvents  Animal fat- rendering with or without pressure  Clarified by Filtration Bleached with Ozone

8. Chemistry  Glycerides of Fatty Acid. Unsaturated FA- Liquid, Saturated with Long Chain- Solid General Formula: -R, R', R" are same- Triolein* - Different- Mixed

9.  Caproic-  Caprylic-  Capric-  Lauric-  Myristic-  Palmitic-  Stearic-  Arachidic-

10. Biosynthesis of Fatty acid

11. Biosynthesis of Triglycerides