1. By Mehaveen Faizee ECE-2 Project guide Mrs. Hema Sudha

2.  Introduction to NIB  DSL  Connection Procedure  Broadband Remote Access Server  BNG and PE router  Wi-MAX vs WI-FI  Advantages and its Applications

3.  The Internet backbone refers to the principal data routes between interconnected networks and core routers in the Internet. These data routes are hosted by commercial, government, academic and other network centres.  It relies on the endpoints of communication to handle most of the processing to ensure data integrity, reliability, and authentication.  It is typically a fiber optic trunk line. The trunk line consists of many fiber optic cables bundled together to increase the capacity. The backbone is able to re route traffic in case of a failure.

4.  Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) is a family of technologies that provides digital data transmission over the wires of a local telephone network.  The most commonly installed technical variety of DSL is ADSL which stands for ASSYMETRIC DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE.  The data throughput of consumer DSL services typically ranges from 256 Kb/s to 40 Mbit/s in the direction to the customer depending on DSL technology, line conditions, and service-level implementation.

5.  DSL CPEs: At customer premises. On end it connects telephone cable coming from exchange. At the other end, it connects to PC through Ethernet and Telephone through RJ-45 connector  DSLAM: called as DSL Access Multiplexer. It has a built in splitter which splits voice and data. While voice follows the normal conventional path through exchange, data is aggregated and up linked through Ethernet Port (Gigabit Ethernet for 480 port and Fast Ethernet for lower DSLAM)  LAN Switch: For aggregating multiple DSLAM and providing a common uplink

6.  SSSS: Called as Subscriber Service Selection System. When customer logs in he will be welcome with this customized screen from where he can select various range of service.  RADIUS: This in conjunction with BRAS authenticates customer, upload customer profile in the SSSS and keeps track of billing  LDAP: It stores customer database viz username, password and the default services that it can subscribe to.  Provisioning: This is the most critical components for ensuring quick delivery of service. It ensures end-to-end provisioning of service right from DSL CPEs to DSLAM.

7.  Physical connection must come first. On the customer side, the DSL Transceiver, or more commonly known as a DSL modem, is hooked up to a phone line. The telephone company(telco) connects the other end of the line to a DSLAM, which concentrates a large number of individual DSL connections into a single box.  The DSL transceiver performs a self-test. The DSL transceiver checks the connection between the DSL transceiver and the computer.  The DSL transceiver then attempts to synchronize with the DSLAM. Data can only come into the computer when the DSLAM and the modem are synchronized. During synchronization the light flashes; when synchronized, the light stays lit, usually with a green color.

8.   The accompanying figure is a schematic of a simple DSL connection (in blue). The right side the shows a DSLAM residing in the telephone company's central office. The left side shows the customer premises equipment with an optional router. This router manages a local area network (LAN) off of which are connected some number of PCs. With many service providers, the customer may opt for a modem which contains a wireless router. This option (within the dashed bubble) often simplifies the connection.

9.  The DSLAM equipment at the telephone company (telco) collects the data from its many modem ports and aggregates their voice and data traffic into one complex composite "signal" via multiplexing. Depending on its device architecture and setup, a DSLAM aggregates the DSL lines over its Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), frame relay, and/or Internet Protocol network.  The aggregated traffic is then directed to a telco's backbone switch, via an access network (AN) also called a Network Service Provider (NSP) at up to 10 Gbit/s data rates.

10.  The DSLAM acts like a network switch since its functionality is at Layer 2 of the OSI model. The DSLAM traffic is switched to a Broadband Remote Access Server where the end user traffic is then routed across the ISP network to the Internet. Customer Premises Equipment that interfaces well with the DSLAM to which it is connected may take advantage of enhanced telephone voice and data line signaling features and the bandwidth monitoring and compensation capabilities it supports.  In addition to being a data switch and multiplexer, a DSLAM is also a large collection of modems. Each modem on the aggregation card communicates with a single subscriber's DSL modem. This modem functionality is integrated into the DSLAM itself instead of being done via an external device like a traditional computer modem.

11.  BRAS: called as Broadband Remote Access Server. First intelligent device in the whole chain. It terminates the customer session, authenticates, allot IP addresses and keeps track of user session for billing purposes.  A broadband remote access server (BRAS, B-RAS or BBRAS) routes traffic to and from broadband remote access devices such as digital subscriber line access multiplexers (DSLAM) on an Internet service provider's (ISP) network.  The specific tasks include:  Aggregates the circuits from one or more link access devices such as DSLAMs  Provides layer 2 connectivity through either transparent bridging or PPP sessions over Ethernet or ATM sessions  Enforces quality of service (QoS) policies

12.  It is responsible for authentication and management of user access requests. It identifies legal users. It can extract and record the statistics of user data packets and online duration for implementing the traffic based or duration based accounting function.  MA5200G sends the user’s accounting information to the RADIUS server. BRAS allocates IP address through DHCP. It supports 4k to 96k IP addresses.MA5200G adopts packet binding technology. After user passes authentication It checks the binding relation of the IP address, MAC address, logical port and PPPoE session ID in each packet of this user and the packets that do not match will be discarded.

13.  The provider edge (PE) router is a router between one network service provider's area and areas administered by other network providers or Internet Service Providers (ISPs).  The term PE router covers equipment capable of a broad range of routing protocols, notably:  Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)  Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)  Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS)  PE routers need not be aware of what kind of traffic is coming from the provider's network.

14.  WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a telecommunications protocol that provides fixed and mobile Internet access. The current WiMAX revision provides up to 40 Mbit/s[1][2] with the IEEE 802.16m update expected to offer up to 1 Gbit/s fixed speeds.  The name "WiMAX" was created by the WiMAX Forum, which was formed in June 2001 to promote conformity and interoperability of the standard.  The forum describes WiMAX[3] as "a standards-based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable.

15.  Wi-Fi is a branded standard for wirelessly connecting electronic devices. A Wi-Fi device, such as a personal computer, video game console, smartphone, or digital audio player can connect to the Internet via a wireless network access point. An access point has a range of about 20 meters (65 feet) indoors and a greater range outdoors. Multiple overlapping access points can cover large areas.  "Wi-Fi" is a trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance and the brand name for products using the IEEE 802.11 family of standards.

16.  Comparisons and confusion between WiMAX and Wi-Fi are frequent because both are related to wireless connectivity and Internet access.  WiMAX is a long range system, covering many kilometres, that uses licensed or unlicensed spectrum to deliver connection to a network, in most cases the Internet whereas Wi-Fi uses unlicensed spectrum to provide access to a local network.  Wi-Fi runs on the Media Access Control's CSMA/CA protocol, which is connectionless and contention based, whereas WiMAX runs a connection-oriented MAC.  WiMAX and Wi-Fi have quite different quality of service (QoS) mechanisms.WiMAX uses a QoS mechanism based on connections between the base station and the user device. Each connection is based on specific scheduling algorithms.

17.  Connection speed is up to 100 times faster than dialup connection. You can download pictures files, software in seconds or minutes instead of hours. Online gaming is only possible using a broadband internet access.  It does not affect the phone line. For DSL internet access, you can use the same phone line for both voice/fax and data transmission. For cable internet access, you are connected to the internet via the cable network. In either case, your phone line is not occupied while you are connected to the internet.

18.  It is convenient because the internet connection is always on.  You don't need to dial an access number and risk getting a busy signal.  Broadband internet offers unlimited access and you won't be charged based on the connection duration.  Broadband internet not only gives you high speed internet access, it can also provide cheap phone services via VoIP technology.

19.  High monthly fee compared to dialup internet access.  Higher security risk than dialup connection. A personal firewall is needed to protect your computer.  Not all phone wires are equipped for DSL service. May not be available in rural or remote areas.  Not all cable TV networks are equipped for cable internet access. May not be available in rural or remote areas.

20.  In telecommunication: Broadband in telecommunications refers to a signaling method that includes or handles a relatively wide range (or band) of frequencies, which may be divided into channels or frequency bins. The wider the bandwidth of a channel, the greater the information- carrying capacity.  Telemedicine enables health care professionals and patients to take advantage of digital communications to save money, time, and travel and most importantly, improve the quality of care.  Teleworking or telecommuting is working from home or outside the traditional office or workplace using a digital device and an Internet connection. Telework benefits employers who see savings in office overhead costs as well as increased productivity and motivation of their employees.

21.  E-Government refers to the increasing push for government at all levels to make more services available online. Local governments use e- Government to deliver services and information to their residents and customers 24 hours a day, seven days a week.  Public Safety: Broadband networks can assist police, fire and other law enforcement personnel in many crisis situations.  National Security: Broadband can be used by national, state and local authorities for surveillance, videoconferencing, data mining, pattern matching and other applications to assist law enforcement and medical services.

22.  Information Gathering: More and more people are using the Internet to gather information for anything from medical information to job searching and news and information and shopping.  Tourism: Broadband and community content allow people to find out what is available in tourist destinations and also helps people to see events or exhibits they might otherwise never be able to visit in person.  Entertainment: Many people use the Internet for fun, to play games, gamble, download movies, music, TV shows, books or information and services. As technology advances the applications and opportunities for e-commerce and entertainment expand exponentially