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Sepoy Mutiny and its Consequences (1857-1947) Mr. Grossmann Global 10 R/H
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Before the Mutiny India was fragmented, the Mughal Empire was on the decline British East India Company controlled several areas, most trade and many resources in the name of the British Crown The company hired Indian soldiers called sepoys to protect their investments and property
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Why India?
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Why India Located centrally in Southern Asia, good spot for trade Cash crops like indigo, sugar, spices, cotton opium, etc. Market for finished goods Population for labor and military service
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The Sepoy Mutiny British disregard for Indian culture and religion Doctrine of Lapse Conquering of Oudh Lack of respect and representation for Indians in government and the military Low salaries and discrimination Cow/pork fat on gun cartridges Many Causes Although the exact cause is uncertain, the mutiny started in Northern India and spread quickly among the population
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Aftermath The rebellion is put down relatively quickly and Great Britain takes control of the country from the East India Company Indirect Direct control The Raj in India begins in 1858, lasts until 1947 when India gains independence Both positive and negative changes were implemented by the British A growing number of Indians began to push for independence
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Changes Discrimination of Indians in many important government and military positions Building up of infrastructure (railroads, canals, roads, etc.) Increased focus on education and industry Use of Indian soldiers to fight in British wars Cash crop production hurt local farmers
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The Indian National Congress Increased education created a new middle class in India after the rebellion. The Indian National Congress formed in 1885 to debate a larger role for Indians in the government The Congress was split between moderates and extremists, and soon began to push for independence. In 1915, a new leader arrived, splitting the Congress into two separate groups.
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Gandhi Film Excerpts https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wj8Gf1rkJK8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wj8Gf1rkJK8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yrHNig2aIjQ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yrHNig2aIjQ
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Mohandas Gandhi Extensive experience in South Africa fighting for equal rights for Indians Returns to India in 1915, tours country preaching nonviolence and living as a peasant Uses civil disobedience across India against unfair laws and acts of injustice, arrested numerous times Attempts to gain Indian independence, upset at partition of India in 1947 Assassinated in 1948, one year after India gains independence
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Independence Terms Muslim League: Political party in India representing Muslim interests. Key in negotiating for the partition of India. Amritsar Massacre: 1919 massacre of Indians meeting publicly after curfew, with over 1,000 casualties. Turned public opinion against Britain in India and worldwide. Salt March: 1930 nonviolent protest led by Gandhi involving a march to sea to make salt (a taxed good). Resulted in widespread disobedience, arrests and anti-British sentiments. Civil disobedience: Active refusal to obey laws or demands of an authority. Widely used by Gandhi and Indians in their protests against the British. Caste System: Entrenched social order in India with each caste holding a role in society. Gandhi fought to end this system and it is today illegal.
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Partition of India As a part of the independence plan, India was split into 2 countries, India and Pakistan Pakistan was split into West and East (East Pakistan eventually became Bangladesh) Split was hasty, poorly planned, and the separation line was drawn without much thought Resulted in the largest mass migration in human history Some 14 million people were displaced Hundreds of thousands of people were killed in the ensuing violence https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VQfruTuH4Vg
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Continued Animosity India and Pakistan have fought over territory numerous times (Kashmir) The two have gone to war four times since partition Both countries have nuclear capabilities https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Og294de_xo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Og294de_xo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fvl384tw5lI https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fvl384tw5lI
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Political Cartoons Symbols: Stands for larger concepts or ideas. Exaggeration: Authors exaggerate certain characteristics to make a point. Labeling: Certain people or objects are labeled to make it clear what they stand for. Analogy: Comparison between two unlike things, can familiarize a concept for the viewer
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