1. Molecular Machine (Jacobson) Group MIT - November 2003 Avogadro Scale Engineering Day 1 - Form ~Getting to the Age of Complexity~

2. Simple molecules <1nm IBM PowerPC 750 TM Microprocessor 7.56mm×8.799mm 6.35×10 6 transistors Semiconductor Nanocrystal ~1 nm 10 -10 10 -5 10 -9 10 -7 10 -6 10 -8 10 -4 10 -3 10 -2 m Circuit design Copper wiring width 0.1  m red blood cell ~5  m (SEM) DNA proteins nm bacteria 1  m Nanotube Transistor (Dekker) Molecular Machines (Jacobson) Group SOI transistor width 0.12  m diatom 30  m

3. Fabricational Complexity F fab = ln (W) / [ a 3  fab E fab ] F fab = ln (M)  -1 / [ a 3  fab E fab ] Total Complexity Complexity Per Unit Volume Complexity Per Unit Time*Energy Complexity Per unit Cost

4. Richard P. Feynman (1918-1988) The chemist does a mysterious thing when he wants to make a molecule. He sees that it has got that ring, so he mixes this and that, and he shakes it, and he fiddles around. And, at the end of a difficult process, he usually does succeed in synthesizing what he wants… http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.html There is Plenty of Room at the Bottom December 29th, 1959

5. Caruthers Synthesis DNA Synthesis http://www.med.upenn.edu/naf /services/catalog99.pdf Error Rate: 1: 10 2 300 Seconds Per step

6. http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/bsm/xtal/teach/repl/klenow.html 1.Beese et al. (1993), Science, 260, 352-355. Replicate Linearly with Proofreading and Error Correction Fold to 3D Functionality template dependant 5'-3' primer extension 5'-3' error-correcting exonuclease 3'-5' proofreading exonuclease Error Rate: 1: 10 8 100 Steps per second

7. Fault-Tolerant Circuits

8. 1] Quantum Phase Space 2] Error Correcting Fabrication 3] Fault Tolerant Hardware Architectures 4] Fault Tolerant Software or Codes 5] Nonlinear Functional Approximations Resources which increase the complexity of a system exponentially with a linear addition in resource. Resourcees for Exponential Scaling Can we combine these in new ways to create something new?

9. Form: Fabricating Complexity Function: Statistical-Mechanical Engineering Foundations: Fundamental Limits and Uncertainty Relations Formats: Description Languages and Designs Tools Avogadro Scale Engineering: Goals

10. Foundations: Fundamental Limits, Conservation Laws and Uncertainty Relations Uncertainty Relations  Fabrication Complexity *  Code Complexity >= C1  Fragility *  Latency >= C2 Fundamental Limits F fab = ln (W) / [ a 3  fab E fab ] F fab = ln (M)  -1 / [ a 3  fab E fab ] Conservation Laws Conservation of Fragility Per Unit Complexity (Doyle’s Law) Resources for Exponential Complexity Scaling 1] Quantum Phase Space,2] Error Correcting Fabrication,3] Fault Tolerant Hardware Architectures,4] Fault Tolerant Software or Codes, 5] Nonlinear Functional Approximations