1. Exceptions to the Rule of Dominance & Recessiveness Incomplete Dominance, Codominance, & Sex-Linked Traits

2. Incomplete Dominance and Codominance

3. Incomplete Dominance Heterozygotes in betweenphenotypes Heterozygotes have an appearance somewhat in between the phenotypes of the dominant and the recessive. (Mix) Example:snapdragons (flower) Example: snapdragons (flower) red (RR) x white (rr) RR = red flower rr = white flower r r RR

4. Incomplete Dominance RrRrRrRr r rRR All Rr = pink (heterozygous pink )

5. Incomplete Dominance

6. Codominance Both dominant and recessive alleles are expressed (multiple alleles) in heterozygous individuals. Both dominant and recessive alleles are expressed (multiple alleles) in heterozygous individuals. Ex. Erminette chicken feathers Ex. Erminette chicken feathers Both black and white feathers Both black and white feathers

7. Codominance in Erminette Chickens

8. Codominance Example: blood type Example: blood type 1.type A= I A I A or I A i 1.type A= I A I A or I A i 2.type B= I B I B or I B i 2.type B= I B I B or I B i 3.type AB= I A I B 3.type AB= I A I B 4.type O= ii 4.type O= ii

9. Codominance Problem Example:homozygous male Type B (I B I B ) x heterozygous female Type A (I A i) IAIBIAIB IAIBIAIB IBiIBiIBiIBi 1/2 = I A I B 1/2 = I B i IAIA IBIB IBIB i

10. Another Codominance Problem Example:Example: male Type O (ii) x female type AB (I A I B ) IAiIAiIBiIBi IAiIAiIBiIBi 1/2 = I A i 1/2 = I B i i IAIA IBIB i

11. Codominance Question: If a boy has a blood type O and his sister has blood type AB, what are the genotypes and phenotypes of their parents? Question: If a boy has a blood type O and his sister has blood type AB, what are the genotypes and phenotypes of their parents? boy - type O (ii) X girl - type AB (I A I B ) boy - type O (ii) X girl - type AB (I A I B )

12. Codominance Answer: Answer: IAIBIAIB ii Parents: genotypes genotypes = I A i and I B i phenotypes phenotypes = A and B IBIB IAIA i i

13. Sex-linked Traits Traits (genes) located on the sex chromosomes Traits (genes) located on the sex chromosomes Sex chromosomes are X and Y Sex chromosomes are X and Y XX genotype for females XX genotype for females XY genotype for males XY genotype for males Many sex-linked traits carried on X chromosome Many sex-linked traits carried on X chromosome

14. Sex-linked Traits Sex Chromosomes XX chromosome - femaleXy chromosome - male fruit fly eye color Example: Eye color in fruit flies

15. Sex-linked Trait Problem Example: Eye color in fruit flies (red-eyed male) x (white-eyed female) X R Y x X r X r Remember: the Y chromosome in males does not carry traits. RR = red eyed Rr = red eyed rr = white eyed Xy = male XX = female XRXR XRXR y XrXr

16. Sex-linked Trait Solution: X R X r X r y 50% red eyed female 50% white eyed male XrXr XRXR y XrXr

17. Female Carriers