1. The Civil Rights Movement

2. The Rex theater, Leland, Mississippi November 1939

3. Café near the tobacco market Durham, NC, May 1940

4. School desegregation  After World War II, the NAACP’s campaign for civil rights continued to proceed.  Led by Thurgood Marshall, the NAACP Legal Defense Fund challenged and overturned many forms of discrimination.

5. Brown v. the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas  In the case Brown v. the Board of Education, Oliver Brown challenged that his daughter, Linda, should be allowed to attend an all- white school near her home instead of the distant all- black school she had been assigned to.

6. Brown v. The Board of Education  Brown’s lawyer, Thurgood Marshall, argued that “separate” could never be “equal” and that segregated schools violated the Fourteenth Amendment’s guarantee to provide “equal protection” to all citizens.

7. School Desegregation  In May 1954, the Court issued its landmark ruling in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, stating racially segregated education was unconstitutional and overturning the Plessy decision.  White Southerners were shocked by the Brown decision. Desegregate the schools! Vote Socialist Workers : Peter Camejo for president, Willie Mae Reid for vice-president. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C.

8. Little Rock, Arkansas  In Little Rock, Arkansas, Gov. Orval Faubus opposed integration.  In 1957, Governor Faubus defied a federal court order to admit nine African American students to Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas.  He called out the National Guard to prevent the black students from attending the school.

10. Little Rock  Therefore, President Eisenhower sent troops to Little Rock where, under their protection, the African American students were able to enter Central High School.  African American students arriving in a U.S. Army car, 1957

11. Members of the 101st US-Airborne Division escorting the Little Rock Nine to school

12. Little Rock Finale  The event was covered by the national media, and the fate of the nine students attempting to integrate the school gripped the nation.  Not all school desegregation was as dramatic as Little Rock schools gradually desegregated.  Often, schools were desegregated only in theory because racially segregated neighborhoods led to segregated schools.  To overcome the problem, some school districts began busing students to schools outside their neighborhoods in the 1970s.

13. 1976 – Violence in Boston – over busing students to integrate schools

14. Bus boycott background  Parks was an active member of The Civil Rights Movement and joined the Montgomery chapter of NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) in 1943.  In 1944 Jackie Robinson refused to give up his bus seat in Texas.  In 1955, Black Activist in Montgomery were building a case around Claudette Colvin, a 15 year old girl who refused to give up her seat on a bus. She was arrested and forcibly removed from the bus.  African Americans made up 75% of the passengers in the Bus system but still had to deal with unfair rules.

15. Montgomery bus boycott  On December 5, 1955, through the rain, the African Americans in Montgomery began to boycott the busses.  40,000 Black commuters walked to work, some as far as twenty miles.  The boycott lasted 382 days.  The bus companies finances struggled. Until the law that called for segregation on busses was finally lifted.

16. Rosa Parks  · As in many southern states, Alabama’s Jim Crow laws required that blacks give up their seats on buses to whites.  · In December of 1955, Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white man on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama.

17. Martin Luther King, Jr.  Born in Atlanta, Georgia.  Graduated Morehouse College with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Sociology.  Later, at Boston University, King received a Ph.D. in systematic theology.  In 1953, at the age of 26, King became pastor at the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery Alabama.  His start as a Civil Rights leader came during the Montgomery Bus Boycott.

18. MLK becomes the face of the movement  A Baptist minister named Martin Luther King, Jr., was president of the Montgomery Improvement Association, the organization that directed the boycott.  His involvement in the protest made him a national figure. Through his eloquent appeals to Christian brotherhood and American idealism he attracted people both inside and outside the South.

19. Organizing the boycott  · The NAACP, with the help of Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., organized a bus boycott in Montgomery.  The Rev. Ralph Abernathy and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., from left, at a press conference. (May 26, 1963)

20. Trying to break the boycott  King was arrested, his house was bombed, yet the boycott continued.  King insisted that his followers follow civil disobedience, or nonviolent protests against unjust laws.  Martin Luther King, Jr., arrested, Montgomery, Alabama, 1958. (Photograph by Charles Moore)

21. Efforts to break the boycott  Police started harassing the car pool, threatening to arrest drivers, revoke their licenses, and cancel their insurance policies. On January 26, King was arrested for speeding and taken to jail (for driving 30 in a 25 mph zone). A few days later his house was bombed. Soon King was receiving dozens of hate letters and threatening phone calls every day. In February an all-white grand jury indicted 89 people, including twenty-four ministers and all drivers in the car pool, for violating an obscure state anti-labor law that prohibited boycotts. King was the first to be tried. The judge found him guilty and sentenced him a year of hard labor or a fine of $500 plus court costs.

22. Letter from a Birmingham Jail  King, wrote the letter after being arrested at a peaceful protest in Birmingham, Alabama.  The letter was in response to a letter sent to him by eight Alabama Clergymen called, “A Call For Unity.”  The men recognized that injustices were occurring in Birmingham but believed that the battles for freedom should be fought in the courtroom in not in the streets.  In the letter, “Letter from Birmingham Jail,” King justified civil disobedience by saying that without forceful action, true civil rights would never be achieved. Direct action is justified in the face of unjust laws.

23. Depths of racism  "Martin Luther King Jr. was photographed by Alabama cops following his February 1956 arrest during the Montgomery bus boycott. The historic mug shot, taken when King was 27, was discovered in July 2004 by a deputy cleaning out a Montgomery County Sheriff's Department storage room. It is unclear when the notations 'DEAD' and '4-4-68' were written on the picture.”

24. Civil Disobedience  In 1957 King helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). A group that used the authority and power of Black churches to organize non-violent protest to support the Civil Rights Movement.  King believed in the philosophy used by Gandhi in India known as nonviolent civil disobedience. He applied this philosophy to protest organized by the SCLC.  The civil disobedience led to media coverage of the daily inequities suffered by Southern Blacks. The televised segregation violence led to mass public sympathy. The Civil Rights Movement became the most important political topic during the early 60’s.

25. Boycott ends in success  The boycott lasted for more than a year, expressing to the nation the determination of African Americans in the South to end segregation.  In 1956, the Supreme Court ruled that segregation on buses was unconstitutional.  The Montgomery bus company agreed to integrate their buses and hire black bus drivers.

26. Sit-ins  On February 1, 1960, four African American college students from North Carolina A&T University began protesting racial segregation in restaurants by sitting at “White Only” lunch counters and waiting to be served.

28. Sit-ins  This was not a new form of protest, but the response to the sit-ins spread throughout North Carolina, and within weeks sit-ins were taking place in cities across the South.  Many restaurants were desegregated in response to the sit-ins.  This form of protest demonstrated clearly to African Americans and whites alike that young African Americans were determined to reject segregation.

29. Student Nonviolent Coordinating committee (SNCC)  In April 1960, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was founded in Raleigh, North Carolina, to help organize and direct the student sit-in movement.  King encouraged SNCC’s creation, but the most important early advisor to the students was Ella Baker, who worked for both the NAACP and SCLC.

30. Ella Baker  Baker believed that SNCC civil rights activities should be based in individual African American communities.  SNCC adopted Baker’s approach and focused on making changes in local communities, rather than striving for national change.

31. Freedom Rides  After the sit-in movement, some SNCC members participated in the 1961 Freedom Rides organized by CORE.  The Freedom Riders, both African American and white, traveled around the South in buses to test the effectiveness of a 1960 U.S. Supreme Court decision declaring segregation illegal in bus stations open to interstate travel.

33. Freedom Rides  The violence brought national attention to the Freedom Riders and fierce condemnation of Alabama officials for allowing the brutality to occur.  The administration of President John F. Kennedy stepped in to protect the Freedom Riders when it was clear that Alabama officials would not guarantee their safe travel.

34. Desegregating Southern Universities  In 1962, James Meredith—an African American— applied for admission to the University of Mississippi.  The university attempted to block Meredith’s admission, and he filed suit.  After working through the state courts, Meredith was successful when a federal court ordered the university to desegregate and accept Meredith as a student.

35. Desegregating Southern universities  The Governor of Mississippi, Ross Barnett, defied the court order and tried to prevent Meredith from enrolling.  In response, the administration of President Kennedy intervened to uphold the court order. Kennedy sent federal troops to protect Meredith when he went to enroll.  During his first night on campus, a riot broke out when whites began to harass the federal marshals.  In the end, two people were killed and several hundred were wounded.

36. Alabama  In 1963, the governor of Alabama, George C. Wallace, threatened a similar stand, trying to block the desegregation of the University of Alabama. The Kennedy administration responded with the full power of the federal government, including the U.S. Army.  The confrontations with Barnett and Wallace pushed President Kennedy into a full commitment to end segregation.  In June 1963, Kennedy proposed civil rights legislation.

37. James Meredith is shot  While leading a march for voter registration, James Meredith is shot by a sniper  1966 – Hernando, Mississippi

38. March on Washington  National civil rights leaders decided to keep pressure on both the Kennedy administration and Congress to pass the civil rights legislation. The leaders planned a March on Washington to take place in August 1963.  This idea was a revival of A. Phillip Randolph’s planned 1941 march, which had resulted in a commitment to fair employment during World War II.

39. March on Washington  Randolph was present at the march in 1963, along with the leaders of the NAACP, CORE, SCLC, the Urban League, and SNCC.

40. I have a dream!  Martin Luther King, Jr., delivered a moving address to an audience of more than 200,000 people.  His “I Have a Dream” speech—delivered in front of the giant statue of Abraham Lincoln—became famous for the way in which it expressed the ideals of the civil rights movement.  After Kennedy was assassinated in Nov.1963, Lyndon Johnson, strongly urged the passage of the civil rights legislation as a tribute to Kennedy’s memory.

41. Civil rights Act of 1964  Over fierce opposition from Southern legislators, Johnson pushed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 through Congress.  It prohibited segregation in public accommodations and discrimination in education and employment. It also gave the executive branch of government the power to enforce the act’s provisions.

42. Voter registration  Starting in 1961, SNCC and CORE organized voter registration campaigns in the predominantly African American counties of Mississippi, Alabama, and Georgia.

43. Voter registration  SNCC concentrated on voter registration because leaders believed that voting was a way to empower African Americans so that they could change racist policies in the South.  SNCC members worked to teach African Americans necessary skills, such as reading, writing, and the correct answers to the voter registration application.  These activities caused violent reactions from Mississippi’s white supremacists.  In June 1963, Medgar Evers, the NAACP Mississippi field secretary, was shot and killed in front of his home.

44. Freedom Summer  In 1964, SNCC workers organized the Mississippi Summer Project to register African Americans to vote in the state, wanting to focus national attention on the state’s racism.  By the end of the summer, the project had helped thousands of African Americans attempt to register, and about one thousand actually became registered voters.  In early 1965, SCLC members employed a direct-action technique in a voting-rights protest initiated by SNCC in Selma, Alabama.  When protests at the local courthouse were unsuccessful, protesters began to march to Montgomery, the state capital.

45. Selma march  As marchers were leaving Selma, mounted police beat and tear-gassed them.  Televised scenes of the violence, called Bloody Sunday, shocked many Americans, and the resulting outrage led to a commitment to continue the Selma March.

46. Selma March – part 2  King and SCLC members led hundreds of people on a five-day, fifty-mile march to Montgomery.  The Selma March drummed up broad national support for a law to protect Southern African Americans’ right to vote.  President Johnson persuaded Congress to pass the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which suspended the use of literacy and other voter qualification tests in voter registration.

48. Effects of the marches  Over the next three years, almost one million more African Americans in the South registered to vote.  By 1968, African American voters had having a significant impact on Southern politics.  During the 1970s, African Americans were seeking and winning public offices in majority African American electoral districts.

49. The Voting Rights Act of 1965  Voter Discrimination was assumed if fewer than 50% of eligible African American voters were registered.  Banned the use of literacy tests and other barriers to voting  The federal government could take over voter registration in those areas.  The law was repealed in June 2013.

50. Other incidents  The Death of Emmett Till The Death of Emmett Till  16th Street Church bombing in Birmingham, Alabama 16th Street Church bombing in Birmingham, Alabama  Birmingham Children’s March Birmingham Children’s March  Assassination of Medgar Evers Assassination of Medgar Evers  Freedom Summer murders of Goodman, Chaney, and Schwerner Freedom Summer murders of Goodman, Chaney, and Schwerner  2014 – Georgia High Schools holds first integrated prom 2014 – Georgia High Schools holds first integrated prom

51. Malcolm X  Born in Omaha Nebraska, Malcolm Little was the son of a Baptist preacher who urged Blacks to stand up for their rights.  His father was killed by White Supremacist in Michigan, in 1931.  After time, Malcolm moved to Harlem where he became involved in gambling, drug dealing and robbery.  Malcolm Was Arrested at the age of 20 for armed robbery. In jail he studied the teaching of the Elijah Muhammad.

52. Elijah Muhammad Elijah Muhammad was the leader of the mostly Black political and religious group The Nation Of Islam. His teachings, often perceived as racist, preached complete separation from Whites in society. He often expressed the idea the Blacks were the first people to rule the world and that the Whites tricked them out of power and oppressed them. Young Malcolm X developed his adept speaking skills and political ideas under the direction of Elijah Muhammad.

53. Nation of Islam The Nation Of Islam (NOI) was an activist group that believed that most African slaves were originally Muslim. The NOI urged African Americans to reconvert to Islam in effort to restore the heritage that was stolen from them. The NOI wanted to create a second Black nation within the United States. The “X” in Malcolm’s name symbolizes the rejection of his slave name.

54. Malcolm X  Malcolm X made constant accusations of racism and demanded violent actions of self defense.  He constantly retold the injustices his people suffered in the past.  Malcolm X gathered wide spread admiration from African American’s and wide spread fear from Whites. However White college students could not ignore the harsh realities of his preaching.

55. Malcolm X Quotes “Be peaceful, be courteous, obey the law, respect everyone; but if someone puts his hand on you, send him to the cemetery.” “Nobody can give you freedom. Nobody can give you equality or justice or anything. If you're a man, you take it.” “You can't separate peace from freedom because no one can be at peace unless he has his freedom.”

56. Controversial Views  Malcolm X was a compelling public speaker, and was frequently sought after for quotations by the print media, radio, and television programs from around the world. In the years between his adoption of the Nation of Islam in 1952 and his split with the organization in 1964, he always espoused the Nation's teachings, including referring to whites as "devils" who had been created in a misguided breeding program by a black scientist, and predicting the inevitable (and imminent) return of blacks to their natural place at the top of the social order.

57. Influence & Dissention Malcolm X was soon seen as the second most influential leader of the movement, after Elijah Muhammad himself. He opened additional temples, including one in Philadelphia and was largely credited with increasing membership in the NOI from 500 in 1952 to 30,000 in 1963. He inspired the boxer Cassius Clay to join the Nation of Islam and change his name to Muhammad Ali. By the start of the 60’s Tension was growing in The Nation of Islam. Malcolm X was exposed to rumors that Elijah Muhammad had indulged in extramarital affairs. Adultery is shunned in the Muslim doctrine. Malcolm Believed that Elijah Muhammad was jealous of his increasing popularity.

58. Tensions Rise  By the summer of 1963, tension in the Nation of Islam reached a boiling point. Malcolm believed that Elijah Muhammad was jealous of his popularity. Malcolm viewed the March on Washington critically, unable to understand why black people were excited over a demonstration "run by whites in front of a statue of a president who has been dead for a hundred years and who didn't like us when he was alive.”  Later in the year Malcolm delivered a speech as he regularly would. He stated that the violence that Kennedy had failed to stop had come around to claim his life. Most explosively, he then added that with his country origins, "Chickens coming home to roost never made me sad. It only made me glad."  This comment led to widespread public outcry and led to the Nation of Islam's publicly censuring Malcolm X. Although retaining his post and rank as minister, he was banned from public speaking for ninety days by Elijah Muhammad himself. Malcolm obeyed and kept silent.

59. Pilgrimage to Mecca In 1964, during a pilgrimage to Mecca, Malcolm discovered that orthodox Muslims preach equality among races. Malcolm’s new knowledge and growing distrust with the NOI, caused him to desert his argument that all Whites are the devil. Malcolm X never abandoned his theory that Racism had destroyed the nation and that only Blacks could free themselves. In 1965 Malcolm X was assassinated by a Black Muslim at a New York City rally.

60. Changing Views Malcolm publicly announced his break from the Nation of Islam on March 8, 1964 and the founding of the Muslim Mosque, Inc. on March 12, 1964. At this point, Malcolm mostly adhered to the teachings of the Nation of Islam, but began modifying them, explicitly advocating political and economic black nationalism as opposed to the NOI's exclusivist religious nationalism

61. Assassination Malcolm X was assassinated in New York City on February 21, 1965 on the first day of National Brotherhood Week. He was shot 15 times at point-blank range while speaking at the Audubon Ballroom.

62. Black Power Movement  Origins of Black Power - SNCC and King  Meredith Walk and Stokely Carmichael  Black Power - sense of pride / psychological impact  build and celebrate black culture  amass political & economic power of Black community  Colleges, athletes, anti-war, etc.

63. Black Power Black Power is a term that emphasizes racial pride and the desire for African Americans to achieve equality. The term promotes the creation of Black political and social institutions. The term was popularized by Stokely Carmichael during The Civil Rights Movement. Many SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee) members were becoming critical of leaders that articulated non-violent responses to racism.

64. Black Panther Party U.S. African American Militant group. Founded in 1966 in Oakland. Led by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale. Believed violent revolution was the only way to receive freedom. Urged African Americans to arm themselves.

65. Out of the South – Movement Spreads Black Power v. Civil Rights Mostly in north and west Younger leaders More militant ideology Watts Riots (1965) Black Panthers - Seale and Newton 10 point program (jobs, exemption from military service, end police brutality Guns and laws Success and failure grew too quick; changing ideas; repression

67. Violence In the late 60’s party leaders got involved in violent confrontations with the police. The results was death on both sides. Huey Newton was tried in 1967 for killing a police officer. Black Panther activist Bobby Seale, was a member of the Chicago Eight. A group of eight people who disrupted the 1968 Democratic convention.

68. 1968 Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. by James Earl Ray Assassination of Robert Kennedy – by Sirhan B. Sirhan – Kennedy was running in Democratic primary 1968 Democratic National Convention – violence – police beat war protesters outside the convention hall – Dan Rather, newsman, was beaten while trying to get the story

69. Martin Luther King, Jr.  Dr. King is fatally shot in Memphis, Tennessee  April 4 th

70. Robert Kennedy

72. Tommie Smith & John Carlos Tommie Smith and John Carlos give the Black Power salute at the 1968 Summer Olympics. The two men were suspended by the United States team and banned from Olympic village. Norman banned by Australia. The action is considered a milestone of The Civil Rights Movement. Peter Norman, Australian wore an Olympic Project for Human Rights button to show solidarity with the Americans. When Norman died in 2006, Smith & Carlos gave the eulogy & were pallbearers

73. First national commission on the status of women  President Kennedy established the first national Commission on the Status of Women in 1961.  In 1963 the commission issued a report detailing employment discrimination, unequal pay, legal inequality, and insufficient support services for working women.