1. ECE457 Applied Artificial Intelligence R. Khoury (2007)Page 1 Please pick up a copy of the course syllabus from the front desk. http://www.pami.uwaterloo.ca/~khoury/ece457

2. Introduction to AI ECE457 Applied Artificial Intelligence Spring 2007 Lecture #1

3. ECE457 Applied Artificial Intelligence R. Khoury (2007)Page 3 Outline What is an AI? Russell & Norvig, chapter 1 Agents Environments Russell & Norvig, chapter 2

4. ECE457 Applied Artificial Intelligence R. Khoury (2007)Page 4 Artificial Intelligence Computer players in video games Robotics Assembly-line robots, auto-pilot, Mars exploration robots, RoboCup, etc. Expert systems Medical diagnostics, business advice, technical help, etc. Natural language Spam filtering, translation, document summarization, etc. Artificial intelligence is all around us

5. ECE457 Applied Artificial Intelligence R. Khoury (2007)Page 5 What is an AI? Systems that… Rationality vs. Humans: emotions, instincts, etc. Thinking vs. acting: Turing test vs. Searle’s Chinese room Engineers (and this course) focus mostly on rational systems HumanlyRationally Think Neural networks Theorem proving Act ELIZADeep Blue

6. ECE457 Applied Artificial Intelligence R. Khoury (2007)Page 6 Act Rationally Perceive the environment, and act so as to achieve one’s goal Not necessary to do the best action There’s not always an absolutely best action There’s not always time to find the best action An action that’s good enough can be acceptable Example: Game playing Sample approach: Tree-searching strategies Problem: Choosing what to do given the constraints

7. ECE457 Applied Artificial Intelligence R. Khoury (2007)Page 7 Think Rationally Uses logic to reach a decision or goal via logical inferences Example: Theorem proving Sample approach: First-order logic Problems: Informal knowledge Uncertainty Search space

8. ECE457 Applied Artificial Intelligence R. Khoury (2007)Page 8 1. X = Y/Z  XZ = Y 2. X = Y  X + Z = Y + Z 3. X * Y + X * Z  X * (Y + Z) 4. b/c = AH/b 5. a/c = BH/a 6. AH + BH = c Think Rationally a. b² = AH * c b. a² = BH * c c. a² + b² = BH * c + AH * c d. a² + b² = c * (AH + BH) e. a² + b² = c²

9. ECE457 Applied Artificial Intelligence R. Khoury (2007)Page 9 Act Humanly “Turing-test” AI Improve human-machine interactions up to human-human level Drawbacks: In some cases, requires dumbing down the AI Lots of man-made devices work well because they don’t imitate nature

10. ECE457 Applied Artificial Intelligence R. Khoury (2007)Page 10 Think Humanly Cognitive science Neural networks Helps in other fields Computer vision Natural language processing

11. ECE457 Applied Artificial Intelligence R. Khoury (2007)Page 11 Rational Agents An agent has Sensors to perceive its environment Actuators to act upon its environment A rational agent has an agent program that allows it to do the right action given its precepts Environment Percepts Actions SensorsActuators Agent Program

12. ECE457 Applied Artificial Intelligence R. Khoury (2007)Page 12 Properties of the Environment Fully observable vs. partially observable Chess vs. Stratego Deterministic vs. stochastic vs. strategic Sudoku vs. Yahtzee vs. chess Episodic vs. sequential Face recognition vs. chess Static vs. dynamic vs. semi-dynamic Translation vs. driving vs. chess with timer Discrete vs. continuous Chess vs. driving Single agent vs. cooperative vs. competitive Sudoku vs. sport team vs. chess

13. ECE457 Applied Artificial Intelligence R. Khoury (2007)Page 13 Types of Agents Simple reflex agent Selects action based only on current perception of the environment Model-based agent Keeps track of perception history Goal-based agent Considers what will happen given its actions Utility-based agent Adds the ability to choose between conflicting/uncertain goals Learning agent Adds the ability to learn from its experiences