1. Progress On Nutrition Of New Aquaculture Species In Portugal Helena Peres Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIMAR-LA/CIIMAR), Porto

2. Solea senegalensis Senegalense sole Pagellus bogaraveo Blackspot seabream Argyrosomus regius Meagre Drumfish New Fish Species for Aquaculture in Portugal

3. Diplodus sargus White seabream Diplodus vulgaris Two-banded seabream Diplodus puntazzo Sharpsnout seabream Diplodus cervinus Zebra seabream New Fish Species for Aquaculture in Portugal

4. Represents more than 50% of total production cost Determinant for fish performance, welfare, disease and infection susceptibility Determinant of aquaculture waste output Nutritionally well-balanced diet Crucial for economic and sustainable development of aquaculture Feeding

5. Protein Requirement SpeciesProtein (% diet) Reference Sole53Rema et al., 2009 Blackspot seabream45Silva et al., 2006 White seabream27-33Sá et al. 2008 Two-banded seabream31.5Ozório et al., 2009 Sharpsnout seabream52Coutinho et al. (unpubl.) Seabass43-48Peres & Oliva-Teles,1998

6. EAA Requirement Ideal EAA profile: Sole (Silva, 2009) Turbot (Peres, Oliva-Teles, 2008) Seabass (Peres, Oliva-Teles, 2007) Seabream (Peres, Oliva-Teles, 2009) Ideal EAA/NEAA ratio Seabass (Peres, Oliva-Teles, 2006) - 50 100 150 200 250 ARG HIS ISL LEU LYS METCYS PHETYR THR TRP VAL Soybean meal Fish meal

7. Seabass : Increasing dietary lipid level led to protein sparing effect (Peres & Oliva-Teles, 1999) Sole: Low lipid tolerance Borges et al., 2009: dietary lipid level higher than 12%: Reduced growth rate and feed utilization Guerreiro et al., unp.: Increasing lipid level from 8 to 16% Allows protein sparing: 55 to 45% protein Does not affect growth Increases feed intake and decreases feed efficiency Dietary Lipid Utilization

8. White seabream: Low lipid tolerance (Sá et al., 2008) Optimum lipid level:12 -18% diet Does not affect growth Increases protein retention & lipid retention Above 20% diet: excessive Blackspot seabream: Very low lipid tolerance (Figueiredo- Silva, 2010) Maximum acceptable level: 10% diet Above 12%: Increases feed intake; decreases feed efficiency Increases lipid retention in whole-body, muscle and viscera Dietary Lipid Utilization

9. White seabream: Good acceptance of dietary carbohydrate Starch incorporation up to 40%: Does not affect growth Does not affect diet digestibility Increases nitrogen retention Sole and Blackspot seabream: do not tolerate high dietary lipid level Good carbohydrate tolerance? Carbohydrates utilization Carbohydrates utilization

10. SpeciesProtein (% diet) Lipid (% diet) Sole558 4516 White seabream2718 Blackspot seabream4510 Formulation of practical diets

11. Protein sources: Animal protein: fish meal; CPSP Vegetal Protein: Corn & wheat gluten; soybean meal; soy protein concentrate EAA imbalance and ANF Low digestibility Sole: protein and energy digestibility of main protein sources determined (Dias et al., 2010)

12. Formulation of practical diets Sole (Silva et al., 2009) Good growth performances with: Fish meal replacement up to 85% Supplementation with Lys and Taurine White seabream (Cardoso et al., unp.) Poor growth performances Fish meal replacement with EAA supplementation: 75-100% Possible problem: lack of Taurine?

13. Feeding Tables Feeding Tables Feed rate (% BW/day) Temperature (ºC) Seabass weight (g)14161820222426 1-42.43.33.74.24.6 3.5 4-132.03.03.33.64.03.73.1 13-401.52.42.62.93.33.12.7 40-1001.21.92.22.42.62.52.1 100-4001.01.51.82.12.22.11.8 >4000.81.21.51.71.92.01.8

14. Feeding Tables SpeciesTemperature, ºCReference Sole12 ºC: slow growth rate 16-18 ºC: moderate growth rate 22 ºC: rapid growth rate Guerreiro et al. (unpubl.) White seabream 21 ºC: optimum growth 26 ºC: decrease of feed efficiency Sá et al. 2008

15. Research outcome New species aquaculture nutritional research has been developed at CIIMAR and CCMAR with close collaboration with the Portuguese aquacultures Good knowledge transference to industry