1. The Age of Exploration

2. How were the Spanish able to defeat the Aztec and Inca?
Hernan Cortez (Aztecs) = 600 Spaniards vs. 25 million natives in Mexico
Francisco Pizarro (Inca) = 200 Spaniards

3. 4. Alliances w/ other Native groups
1. Disease (smallpox)
Europe, Asia, & Africa have domesticated animals and have adapted to diseased from animals
2. Superior Weapons
Steel, Guns, horses, dogs, canons, & armor
3. Trickery
Aztecs believed the Spaniards are gods
According to legend, the Aztec god will return from the east and take the throne
To keep god away, the Aztec emperor gave Cortez gold to bribe him
Cortez wanted more gold and attacked Tenochtitlan
4. Alliances w/ other Native groups
Hated paying tribute to Aztecs/Inca

4. Glory, God, & Gold
1453- Ottomans (Muslim Empire) took control of Constantinople block European route to Asia
Portugal/Spain sail around Africa to Asia
Portugal:
Bartolomeu Diaz- makes it to the Cape of Good Hope
Vasco Da Gama- makes it to India
Prince Henry the Navigator- Portuguese prince studied shipbuilding

6. Ottoman Empire

7. Glory, God, & Gold
1492- Christopher Columbus sails for Spain ( hoping to reach China)
Arrives in Hispanola
Financed by Isabella & Ferdinand of Spain
Pope divided the Atlantic Ocean in half along a line of longitude and gave everything on the left to Spain and everything on the right to Portugal Spanish ultimately gained control of the Americas, Portugal only gained Brazil
Ferdinand Magellan (Portuguese, left from Spain)- 1st explorer to sail around the world, around the Americas
Dies in the Philippines

11. What was the Colombian Exchange?
Massive exchange of plants, animals, & diseases
These things moved between the New (Americas-west) and Old Worlds (Europe- east)
Started with Columbus 1492
To the Americas: cows, horses, wheat, smallpox
To Europe: potatoes, tomatoes, tobacco, corn

13. From Old World to New World From New World to Old World
Columbian Exchange
From Old World to New World
From New World to Old World
Wheat
Sugar
Bananas
Rice
Grapes
Horses
Pigs
Goats
Cattle
Sheep
Chickens
Smallpox
Measles
Typhus
Turnip
Coffee
Pear
Garlic
Corn
Potato
Beans
Peanuts
Squash
Pumpkin
Tomatoes
Avocados
Chili pepper
Pineapple
Cocoa
Tobacco
Rubber
Turkey
Vanilla
Papaya
Quinine (a medicine for malaria)

14. The Spanish Empire in the Americas
Encomienda System: The government of Spain legally granted Conquistadors large areas of land, along with permission to demand labor or tribute from Native Americans in the area:
Natives were forced to work on plantations, mines, & ranches
Conditions were terrible and cruel, many Native Americans were literally worked to death
As many overworked Native Americans died, the Spanish brought in slaves from Africa to dot he work

16. Social Classes
The Spanish developed a social structure in the Americas that placed people in a hierarchy
Peninsulares: The Spanish-born people at the top of the class structure (named after the Iberian Peninsula, where Spain is located and thus where they were born)
Creoles: The 2nd highest class on the social pyramid, Creoles are those of European descent (product of European parents) who were born in the colonies
Mestizos: The people of mixed Native American and European descent
Mullatoes: Those of mixed African and European descent
The lowest ranking social class was made up of Native Americans and people of African descent (those with no European blood)

17. Social Pyramid in Latin America

19. Triangular Trade
Raw goods/crops such as sugar/tobacco were grown in the Americas and sent to Europe
Europe trades manufactured goods such a guns for slaves in West Africa
Slaves are captured by other Africans as prisoners of war
Slaves brought to the Americas- “Middle Passage”
Slavery became an issue if race in the Americas because they were different from Americans/Spanish
Stripped of their customs in the Americas
Slaves were worked to death until 1801 when slavery was banned

20. The Triangular Trade

24. What was mercantilism?
Policy that said there was a limited amount of money in the world
Each country needs to grab what they can before it is gone
Export more than you import…more money in your pocket
Colonies and markets were needed to make the “mother country” rich