1. Convergent and Divergent Thinking
Mary Jo Merickel

2. + Creativity requires both divergent and convergent thinking.
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3. Divergent thinking is a process involving the production of multiple answers based on what is already known.
Convergent thinking is evaluating the possible solutions to come up with the best answer to the question at hand.

4. Convergent thinking focuses on background knowledge, gathering information, applying conventional and logical techniques, and using decision-making strategies.
Convergent thinking generates established ideas.
Convergent thinking can be thought of as the knowledge base of creativity.

5. Divergent thinking, in contrast to convergent thinking, requires one to look for alternative answers from the available knowledge.
It is a process whereby unexpected combinations are made, recognition of abstract associations takes place, and information is transformed into unanticipated or new forms.

6. Once a person has a knowledge base, (part of convergent thinking) divergent thinking can take place. The knowledge base also makes it possible for a person to vary their thoughts from the norm and to identify a solution that may be effective.

7. Combining what normally “belongs” together
Examples of convergent and divergent thinking processes.
Convergent
Using logic
Combining what normally “belongs” together
Being accurate
Finding the best answer
Playing by the rules
Divergent
Taking risks
Generating multiple answers
Looking from a new perspective
Combining what does not “normally” belong together
Changing what is known

8. Better understanding of the information
Results of convergent and divergent thinking may include the following:
Convergent
Better understanding of the information
A “correct” or “best” answer
Closure on the subject
Feelings of security
Divergent
Multiple solutions
A new or unexpected answer
New methods or processes
Feelings of insecurity and uncertainty

9. Creativity is not producing something new and exciting from nothing
Creativity is not producing something new and exciting from nothing. Creativity comes from defining and refining an idea. The basis of the process of creativity is knowledge, acquired through convergent thinking. What is done with this raw material, the transformation of it, is what we think of as creativity.

10. The Creative Process
Convergent thinking leads to knowledge on a topic.
Knowledge allows for divergent thinking on that topic to generate multiple answers.
Convergent thinking enables one to choose the best solution from the multiple answers.

11. References
ATHERTON J S (2005) Learning and Teaching:ﾊ Convergent and Divergent Learning ﾊ [On-line] UK: Available: ﾊAccessed: 25 June 2006
Gardner, Kathleen A. (1999). The Dynamic Balance: Divergence and Convergence. Retrieved June 25, 2006, from The International center for Studies in Creativity Web site: