1. Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function
Unit 3

2. Cells
Cytology: the study of cells

3. IMPORTANT CELL STRUCTURES

4. Cell Theory
Cells are made from preexisting cells.
Cells are the smallest units of life.
All living things are made from at least one cell.

5. Understanding
Canning and preservation of foods, medical sanitation, sterilization of dental and hospital equipment, use of disinfectants, quarantines against disease… all are base upon the fact that cells are made from preexisting cells .
But, if cells come from preexisting cells, where did the first cells come from?

11. Cell History

12. Brief history Hooke (1660’s) Leeuwenhoek (1670’s)
Schleiden & Schwann(1830’s)
Virchow (1850’s)
Brown (1830’s)
Margulis (1985)

13. Robert Hooke Mid-1600s Used microscope to observe living tissues
Named chambers “cells”

14. Anton van Leeuwenhoek Mid-1600s
Used hand lens microscope to observe microscopic life in pond water

15. German cell biologists
1830s: Matthias Schleidan: concluded all plants made from cells
1830s: Theodor Schwann: concluded that all animals made from cells

16. Rudolph Virchow
1855
Concluded that the nucleus was responsible for cell division.

17. Robert Brown
1883
Recognized that cells contained a prominent feature and named it the
nucleus.

18. Louis Pasteur (1860s) Discovers that Cells come from Cells

19. Lynn Margulis Born in 1938 proposed the endosymbiotic theory
“Organelles in larger, complex cells may have been free-living prokaryotic cells in the past.”
In 2000 she received the U.S. National Medal of Science

20. Cell theory (based on 200+ years of discoveries)
Cells are made from preexisting cells.
Cells are the smallest units of life.
All living things are made from at least one cell.
Cells dividing
Brief History of Cells

21. Microscopy the use of microscopes to study cells
Different types of microscopes
Light microscope
Transmission electron microscope
Scanning electron microscope

22. Label the microscope in your IAN
Eye Piece
Body Tube
Revolving Nose
Piece
Arm
Low Power
Objective
Medium Power
Objective
Stage
High Power
Objective
Stage Clips
Coarse
Adjustment
Diaphragm
Fine Adjustment
Light Source
Base

23. Cells are the basic unit of life
Unicellular: organisms made up of only one cell
Ex: bacteria, protist, fungus
Multicellular: organisms made up of more than one cell
Ex: protist, fungus, plant, animal

24. ALL CELLS CONTAIN THESE FOUR PARTS…
Plasma membrane: cell membrane, made of 2 layers of phospholipids
Cytoplasm/Cytosol: a carbohydrate and water based solution located in the cytoplasm that suspends all internal parts of the cell
Ribosomes: produces proteins
DNA: genetic material made of nucleic acids

25. Types of cells

26. There are 2 types of cells
Prokaryote: bacteria, archaebacteria
Eukaryote: protist, fungus, plant, animal

27. Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes
Bacteria pic – Life, p.459
You carry oats, I eat ‘em!
Picture1: Largest known bacterium: Thiomargarita namibiensis relative to “typical” bacteria size
Picture2: Animal cells are eukaryotic cells
?What does “kernal” represent?
?Can anyone guess what was going through the greek minds when they named these two cell types?
These words reflect the idea that prokaryotic cells evolved BEFORE nuclei developed. Eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus.
“Eu” = True
“Pro” = Before
“Karyote” from Greek karyon = Kernal

28. Prokaryote (bacteria) cell features
No nucleus
No organelles
Small
Simple
Plasma membrane, ribosome, cytoplasm, DNA
Label the bacteria cell in IAN

29. Prokaryotic (Bacterial) Cell
Capsule
Label the bacteria cell in IAN on pg. 9

30. Prokaryotic cell structure
Capsule: durable outer covering that some bacteria have for protection against water, acids, and viruses
Flagella: movement
Cell wall: protective layer around plasma membrane + structural integrity
Pili: anchoring and DNA exchange

31. Eukaryotic Cell Complex 4 basic components + organelles
Organelles: “little organs” that carry out specialized functions within a cell
Many variations

33. Nucleus Directs cell activities
Nuclear Envelope (with pores) → outer boundary
Chromosomes → (DNA) carry genetic information
Nucleolus → (contain RNA) produces ribosomes
chromatin

34. Nucleus Stores ______ ______ DNA helps to regulate ______ production.
Proteins ______ cellular activity.

35. Endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosomes
small structures on endoplasmic reticulum and throughout the cell that function to produce protein
Endoplasmic reticulum
an interconnecting system of “pathways,” for transport.
May be Rough ER (with ribosomes attached) or Smooth ER (without ribosomes attached).

36. Golgi apparatus (body)
Modify, package, and sort protein packages for secretion, outside of cell
flattened compartments with vesicles
for secretion (packaging & shipping)

37. Lysosome
Organelle that produces enzymes to destroy foreign molecules and waste
small filled sacs, for digestion

38. Understanding
A student drew this recycling symbol on their notebook cover to represent the lysosome; Why would this be an accurate representation?

39. Vacuole Primarily in plants and Protists
Large, compartment for storing liquids
Food, water, salt, or waste

40. Mitochondria
Organelle responsible for breaking down glucose molecules into ATP energy molecules
They are rod-shaped with folds, for releasing energy (ATP) by respiration

41. Understanding
Hypothesize which cells would have more mitochondria, cardiac cells or skin cells.
Why?

42. Chloroplast
Organelle in plants and algae that produces sugar molecules by photosynthesis
Why are chloroplasts green?

43. Understanding
A student takes a green plant into pitch dark room, closes the door and turns off the light. What color is the plant?

44. Cytoskeleton Hollow fibers for support & shape and to move cytoplasm
Made of
Microfilaments
Microtubules
Cell membrane
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Microtubule
Microfilament
Ribosomes
Mitochondrion

45. Comparing Cell Structures with Viruses
Plant
Animal
Bacterial
Viruses

46. Bacteria

47. Plant

48. Animal

49. Protist

50. Cytoplasm is the chasm
Cytosol fills it up!

51. Virus

52. Comparison of Cells to Viruses
Cells have:
Viruses have:
Cells do:
Viruses DON’T do:

53. Comparison of Cells to Viruses
Cells have:
Membranes
Cytoplasm/cytosol
Genetic material - DNA
Ribosomes
Viruses have:
Genetic material DNA or RNA
Protein coat
Cells do:
Digestion
Excretion
Respiration
Response to stimuli
Need and use energy – metabolism
Grow & develop
Reproduce themselves
Viruses DON’T do:

54. Virus Pamphlet

55. Biology Agenda for A day Monday, April 7th , 2014
Today’s Objective/Product: :
Using the text book as a resource, I will create a pamphlet of viruses and of the Lytic & Lysogenic cycle of viral replication then answer the 5 analysis questions.

56. Project: Viruses Read text pages 478 through 483
Using the 8.5x14 legal sized paper create a folded pamphlet. Use color pencil only… no markers allowed on this one.
Your front cover design must have the 3 Virus structures with labels (Drawings and microscope pictures are found in figure 19-9 on page 479).
Inside Panel 1 of your pamphlet (inside of front cover) diagram and label the lytic & lysogenic infections cycle as found on page 481. You must fully draw, color and label all pictures in your pamphlet.
On panel 2 of your pamphlet write out question and answer questions 1-5 found at the bottom of page 483.
Due

57. Front Cover sample

58. Inside panel 1 sample

59. Inside panel 2 sample