1. Obtaining THE BEST POSSIBLE MEDICATION HISTORY Prof. M.ABD ELAZIZ, MD, Ph D- Clinical Pharmacology Department of Clinical Pharmacy College of Pharmacy Salman Bin Abdulaziz University Mohammad Ruhal Ain (M Pharm, R Ph, PGDPRA) Department of Clinical Pharmacy College of Pharmacy Salman Bin Abdulaziz University

2. OUTLINE Information Sources Challenges with difficult clients Questions to Ask Tips for Performing Medication History Client Education Tools Reconciliation and documentation

3. مصادر المعلومات التحديات الصعبة مع العملاء طرح أسئلة نصائح لأداء التاريخ الدواء تعليم العميل أدوات المصالحة والوثائق

4. Information Sources Patient Family or Caregiver Medication Vials / Bubblepacks Medication List Community Pharmacy Medication Profile from other facility DPIN (Drug Programs Information Network)

5. المريض الأسرة أو مقدمي الرعاية قوارير الدواء / Bubblepacks قائمة الأدوية صيدلية المجتمع الملف الشخصي الدواء من منشأة أخرى DPIN (شبكة المعلومات الدوائية البرامج)

6. CHALLENGES with Difficult clients Belief – physician has information Unfamiliar with medications and names Difficulty recalling Medicated clients (sedated, confused) Disease affects mental status Language barrier Hearing impairment Elderly clients Caregiver administers or sets up medications Medication vials or list unavailable

7. If patient can not remember a medication or if clarification is needed: Get a description of the medication from the patient or family member (form, strength, size, shape, color, markings) Contact family member that could possibly bring in the medication or read it over the phone Call the patient’s pharmacy Contact the specialist’s office or other physician to get an accurate list of medications Obtain previous medical records

8. Interviewing the client Introduce yourself Inform client of reason for you being there Inform client of importance of maintaining a current medication list in chart

9. QUESTIONS to ASK Which community pharmacy do you use? Any allergies to medications and what was the reaction? Which medications are you currently taking: The name of the medication The dosage form The amount (specifically the dose) How are they taking it (by which route) How many times a day How many do you take at a time? Do you have to cut the tablet? Any specific times For what reason (if not known or obvious)

10. QUESTIONS to ASK What prescription medications are you taking on a regular or as needed basis? What over-the-counter (non-prescription) medications are you taking on a regular or as needed basis? What herbal or natural medicines are you taking on a regular or as needed basis? What vitamins or other supplements are you taking?

11. Medication History Taking TIPS Balance open-ended questions (what, how, why, when) with yes/no questions Ask non-biased questions Avoid leading questions Explore vague responses (non-compliance) Avoid medical jargon(TERMS) – Keep it simple Avoid judgmental comments

12. Use non-biased questions that do not lead the patient into answering something that may not be true. Eg. Fosamax must be taken on an empty stomach first thing in the morning and you must remain upright for 30 minutes. That is how you are taking it, right? Avoid judgmental comments such as: I see that you have been on lorazepam for quite some time, you’re likely addicted to them.

13. Medication History Taking TIPS Various approaches can be used: 24 hours survey (morning, lunch, supper, bedtime) Review of Systems (head to toe review) Link to prescribers (family physician, specialists)

14. Medication History Taking TIPS Prompt for: Pain medications Stomach medications Medications for bowels Sleeping aids Samples Prompt for non-pill dosage forms and prns Prompt for: Eye or ear drops, nose sprays Patches, creams & ointments Inhalers (puffers) Injections (needles)

15. Medication History Taking TIPS If medication vials available: Review each medication vials with patient Confirm content of bottle Confirm instructions on prescription vials are current If medication list available: Review each medication with patient Confirm that it is current If bubble packs available: Review each medication with patient Confirm patient is taking entire contents

16. Other QUESTIONS Have you recently started any new medications? Did a doctor change the dose or stop any of your medications recently? Did you change the dose or stopped any of your medications recently?

17. Additional Questions to Explore Effectiveness/Compliance Are any of the medications causing side effects? Have you changed the dose or stopped any medications because of unwanted effects? Do you sometimes stop taking your medicine whenever you feel better? Do you sometimes stop taking your medicine if it makes you feel worse?

18. Cards for Medication History Script

19. Client Education Encourage ownership Educate client to bring medications from home at each appointment Educate client to carry a list of current medications (prescription and OTC) Encourage family members/ caregivers to become involved Encourage one pharmacy

20. Client Information brochure

21. Provincial (LOCAL)Tool for clients – creating a list Medication card “It’s Safe to Ask” medication card developed by the Manitoba Institute of Patient Safety Available: Free of charge on www.safetoask.cawww.safetoask.ca From Local Senior Resource Councils From Fire Paramedic Stations From participating pharmacies From participating physicians and primary care providers

24. Other Tools available R & D “ Knowledge is the best medicine” Available free of charge www.canadapharma.org Site developed medication cards or printed sheets Piece of paper, notebook ** Assist when required **

25. Reconciliation and Documentation Upon discovering a discrepancy Update the list if minor (eg OTC taken as needed) Include medications prescribed by other physicians (eg specialist) Inform physician if client is not taking as prescribed Document in the client’s chart The date MedRec completed and initial on the medication reconciliation status record Any pertinent information in the progress notes