3. KOREA  Located between China and Japan  Continuous cultural and geopolitcal interactions with China and Japan  Korean language is considered “language isolate”

4. Modern Korea  One of the world’s fastest growing economies  Korean GDP ranked No. 12 in the world  World’s 8 th largest exporter

5. Korean Wave (Hallyu): Korean Cultural Export since early 1990s  Korean movies, TV dramas, and pop-music are very popular around the world; rapidly spreading beyond Asian countries  Korea is among the world’s top ten cultural exporters “Rain” “Wonder Girls” “DBSK” “BigBang” “Girls’ Generation” “Dae-Jang-Gum” TV drama “Super Junior”

6. Geography of Korea  Korea is roughly the size of England (total area: 223,170 km²).  With 4908 km of Coastline (N: 2495; S: 2413) it is best described as a peninsula.  With thanks to both the Yalu River and Amnok river serving as natural borders, Korea has been recognized as a different country/culture from China and Russia for about 2,400 years (since it was first mentioned in written history).

9. The Tumen River created a natural border between China/Russia and Korea.

10. Korea is practically surrounded by water: to East is the East Sea (Sea of Japan); to the south-east is the Korean strait; to the south-west is the East China sea; and finally to the west is the Yellow sea.

11. Geographic Notes  Korea borders China to the north-west for 1,416 km by means of the Yalu river (“The Yalu River (Chinese) or the Amnok River (Korean) is a river on the border between China and North Korea. Russia to the east (Russia 19 km—by means of the Tumen River)  Closeness of Japan to the east. Mongolia, situated farther to the west of Russia, is close to Korea though they do not share borders—they have had many historical conflicts.  South Korea only share land border with North Korea by 238 km. North Korea took both the borders between China and Russia.

12. Why care about geography? All four of the world’s superpowers have shown heavy interest in Korea (USA, Japan, China, Russia).

13. Go-Joseon CountryTime 2333 B.C.Go-Joseon 1 st century B.C.Three kingdoms (Shilla, Baekje and Goguryeo) 668 – 935 A.D.Shilla (south: 668-935) Balhae (north: 698-926) 935 - 1392Goryeo Dynasty 1392 – 1910Joseon Dynasty 1910 - 1945Japanese rule 1948Established Republic of Korea in South 1950-1953Korean war 1961Military coup 1998Seoul Olympic Game  King Dangun established Go-Joseon in 2333 B.C.

14. Stone tools

15. Excavation of the Go-Joseon kingdom (3 rd to 1 st Millennium B.C.)

16.  The Korean Peninsula was inhabited from the Lower Paleolithic about 400,000-700,000 years ago.Lower Paleolithic  Neolithic period began after 6000 B.C., followed by the Bronze Age by 800 B.C., and the Iron Age around 400 B.C. Neolithic Bronze AgeIron Age  Rice cultivation was introduced to Korea around 1200 to 900 B.C., most likely from China by way of Manchuria. People also farmed native grains such as millet and barley, and domesticated livestock.  The beginning of the Bronze Age on the peninsula is usually said to be 1000 B.C and lasted until 300 B.C. Early History Rice cultivation - Bronze Age

17. Dolmen tombs - Iron Age  Around 900 B.C., burial practices become more elaborate, a reflection of increasing social stratification. Goindol, the Dolmen tombs in Korea and Manchuria, formed of upright stones supporting a horizontal slab, are more numerous in Korea than in other parts of East Asia. Around the 6th century B.C., burnished red wares, made of a fine iron-rich clay and characterized by a smooth, lustrous surface, appear in dolmen tombs, as well as in domestic bowls and cups.  Around 300 B.C., iron technology was introduced into Korea from China. Iron was produced locally in the southern part of the peninsula by the second century B.C. According to Chinese accounts, iron from the lower Nakdong River valley in the southeast, was valued throughout the peninsula and Japan.

18. Changes by Using Iron  Easier cultivation, hunting, fishing  Iron-made agricultural implements → deeper digging ground → increase of production → material affluence  Settlement life began and village formed  Use of Iron-made weapon invoke war and conquest by increased power  With the work of conquest big tribal states appeared (Size of society become larger and political leaders rise)

19. Prehistoric dolmens in Korea

20. Chessboard type dolmens in the South

21. Go-joseon  Considered to be the first proper nation of the Korean people, [according to the Samguk Yusa and other Korean medieval-era records] Go-joseon is said to have been founded in 2333 B.C. by the legendary Dangun, who is said to be the grandson of Heaven ( 天孫, 천손 ).  Dangun and the mythological origins of the Korean people - Welfare of Mankind ( 홍익인간 )  Go-joseon had 8 laws for the protection of private property, and a hierarchical society according to Book of Han. (3 laws are known until now)

22. Go-joseon’s end By 3rd Century B.C., Go-joseon disintegrated into many successor states; and was formally defeated by the Han dynasty of China in 108 B.C.

23. Three Kingdoms to Goryeo CountryTime 10 th centry B.C.Go-Joseon 1 st centry B.C.Three kingdoms (Shilla, Baekje and Goguryeo) 668 – 935 A.D.Shilla (south: 668-935) Balhae (north: 698-926) 935 - 1392Goryeo Dynasty Shilla Goryeo Balhae  Buddhism became national religion.  Arts and culture flourished during Shilla Dynasty. Goguryeo BaekjeShilla

24. Three Kingdoms (57 B.C. - 668 A.D.)  Goguryeo, Baekje and Shilla

25.  All three kingdoms shared a similar culture and language. Original religions were shamanistic, but increasingly influenced by Chinese culture: Confucianism and Taoism.  In the 4th century, Buddhism was introduced to the peninsula briefly becoming the official religion of all three kingdoms.  The three Kingdoms period ran from 57 B.C. until Shilla's triumph over Goguryeo in 668, which marked the beginning of the North and South States period ( 남북국시대 ) of Unified Shilla in the South and Balhae in the North.

26. Goguryeo (1)  The largest of the three kingdoms was Goguryeo. At the beginning, the state was located on the border with China; it gradually expanded into Manchuria and destroyed the Chinese Lelang commandery in 313.  It reached its zenith in the 5th century, when reign of the Gwanggaeto the Great and his son, Jangsu expanded territory into almost all of Manchuria and part of inner Mongolia, and took the Seoul region from Baekje. Gwanggaeto the GreatJangsu After the 7th century, Goguryeo was constantly at war with the Sui and Tang dynasties of China.SuiTang

27. Baekje (2)  Absorbed or conquered other Mahan chiefdoms and, at its peak in the 4th century, controlled most of the western Korean peninsula. Under attack from Goguryeo, the capital moved south to Ungjin (present-day Gongju) and later further south to Sabi (present-day Buyeo).  Baekje exerted political influence on Tamna, a kingdom of Jeju Island. Baekje maintained a close relationship with and extracted tribute from Tamna. Baekje's religious and artistic culture influenced Goguryeo and Shilla.  Buddhism was introduced to Baekje in 384 from Goguryeo. Ttransmitted cultural developments, including Chinese characters and Buddhism, into ancient Japan. Baekje was conquered by an alliance of Shilla and Tang forces in 660.

28. Shilla (3)  To cope with invasions from Goguryeo and Baekje, Shilla deepened its relations with the Tang Dynasty, with its newly-gained access to the Yellow Sea making direct contact with the Tang possible. After the conquest of Goguryeo and Baekje with Tang allies, the Shilla kingdom drove the Tang forces out of the peninsula and occupied the lands south of Pyongyang.  The capital of Shilla was Seorabeol (now Gyeongju). Buddhism became the official religion in 528.

29.  Driving Forces of the Unification by Shilla Active roles of Hwarang, the Code of Shilla Chivalry (Knights) Diplomatic collaboration with Tang Unity of the people through Buddhism  Historical Significance of the Unification  Unity of the Nation Cultural unification Sense/Consciousness of the same People/Tribalism Limitation of the Unification Draw in foreign influence Shrinking of the territory (national land)

30. Development of culture in Unified Shilla 1.Spread of Buddhism 2.Expansion of naval activities 3.Ultimate in artistic development

31. 원효 People were united under one philosophy. Development of culture in Unified Shilla 1.Spread of Buddhism

32. - Jangbogo (Trade King) - Protected the Yellow Sea against pirates and opened trade routes. - Expanded international trade between China, Shilla, and Japan. Development of culture in Unified Shilla 2.Expansion of naval activities

33. 3. Cultural Development under Unified Shilla 석굴암 불국사 성덕대왕 신종 석가탑 다보탑 Expansion of Buddhist culture.

34. Gyeongju: Capital of Unified Shilla  Open air museum, one of Korean’s World Heritage sites.

35. Bell from Gyeongju

36. Buddha sculptures

37. Zodiac figures: The Boar

38. Hwangnyong pagoda: destroyed by Mongols

39. Sarira Reliquaries

40. UNESCO’s Memory of the World: Bulguksa and Seokkuram  Bulguksa  Constructed in 751 A.D. during Shilla kingdom  Main temple, gates, stone pagodas, bridges are all architectural masterpieces  Seokkuram Grotto  Granite sanctuary for stone Buddha  Wearing a serene smile of benevolence

41. Sokkuram Grotto

42. Bulguksa Temple

43. Meanings of the Shilla Unification 1.First time the people were united. 2.Created a national spirit and philosophy of life.

44. Goryeo—(918-1392 A.D.)  Goryeo was founded in 918 and replaced Shilla. "Goryeo" is a short form of "Goguryeo" and the source of the English name “Korea”.  Cultural achievements: - laws were codified - introduction of civil service system - Buddhism flourished - development of celadon industry - publication of Tripitaka Koreana onto 80,000 wooden blocks - invention of the world's first movable-metal-type printing press in 13th century  Mongol invasion from the 1230s into the 1270s. The dynasty lasted until 1392.

45. 고려의 교역 활동

46. UNESCO’s Memory of the World: Movable Metal Type for Printing  Invented in 13 th century (before 1232) during Goryeo dynasty  The world oldest extant movable metal print book is the Jikji (Korean Buddhist document), printed in Korea in 1377.  78 years prior to Gutenburg’s metal type printing

47. UNESCO’s Memory of the World: Printing Woodblocks of the Tripitaka Koreana  Woodblocks for printing Tripitaka (Buddhist scriptures)  81,258 pieces of woodblocks  Took 16 years to complete the project (1236-1251)  Woodblocks were treated by a special process for long- term preservation

48. Carving of the Tripitaka Koreanna in Haeinsa monastery

49. Celadon ware: Korea’s trade goods

50. Goryeo Ceramics  Celadon with pale jade green glaze and inlaid pattern was invented in 10 th century during Goryeo dynasty.

51. Joseon Dynasty CountryTime 10 th centry B.C.Go-Joseon 1 st centry B.C.Three kingdoms (Shilla, Baekje and Goguryeo) 668 – 935 A.D.Shilla (south: 668-935) Balhae (north: 698-926) 935 - 1392Goryeo Dynasty 1392 – 1910Joseon Dynasty  Expanded territory boundary up to Yalu river in north.  Confucianism was promoted by government.  Korean alphabet was invented.

52. Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910)  Confucianism as the country's official religion (King Taejo) adopted.  King Sejong the Great (1418-1450) promulgated Hangul, the Korean alphabet.  Japanese invasion (1592-1598): This war saw the rise of the career of Admiral Yi Sun-shin and his "turtle ship" or gobukseon.  Invasions by the Manchu-Yuan (1620s and 1630s)

53. Korean Alphabet: Hangul  King Sejong the Great invented Korean alphabet in 1446.  14 consonants & 10 vowels  Easy to learn: "A wise man can acquaint himself with them before the morning is over; a stupid man can learn them in the space of ten days”. From http://library.thinkquest.org/20746/non/info/index.html

54. Hangul (Korean Alphabet)  Purely phonetic alphabet  14 consonants  ㄱ ㄴ ㄷ ㄹ ㅁ ㅂ ㅅ ㅇ ㅈ ㅊ ㅋ ㅌ ㅍ ㅎ  10 vowels  아 야 어 여 오 요 우 유 으 이  Hangul is a scientific system, invented following the shapes of vocal organs as they make sounds.

55. Traditional Arts: Painting  Typically use few color, leaving background blank  Often combined with poem.  Painters signed their artistic name and signature stamps  Typically use few color, leaving background blank.  Often combined with poem.  Painters signed their artistic name and signature stamps.

56. Brush holder and tablet

57. Portrait of an official

58. Confucian temple lecture hall

59. 18 th and 19 th century porcelian

60. Japanese invasions: 1592 and 1597  Admiral Yi invents the turtle boat

61. Geobukseon (Turtle –Shaped Warship)  The world first ironclad warship, Geobukseon (Turtle-shaped Warship), was built by General Yi Sun-shin in 1592 during the Japanese invasion.  The ships had armored and spiked decks and cannons and were designed to be highly maneuverable.

62. Changes after the Japanese Invasion  Severance of diplomatic relationship  New Japanese leader Tokukawa Hideyoshi request for normalization of the relationship  Joseon and Japan restored relationship in 1609 following the latter’s request.

63. 조선 통신사의 구성

64. Helping Japan  Transfer Arts, Technology, Buddhism, etc. - Baekje: Chinese character, Confucianism, Buddhist Statute & Scriptures, Astronomy, Geography, Living skill - Goguryeo: Painting, Writing brush, Paper, Ink stick, Milstone - Shilla: Music, Medical, Ship-building, Celadon making, Building fortress  Contribute for cultural development in Japan

65. Help from Japan  Bring in sweet potato, chili, pumpkin from Japan  Received western-enlightened civilization ( ↔ Closed-door policy) Damage by Japan  Plundering by Japanese pirates  Japanese invasion  Colonization for 36 years

66. Modernization & Contact with the West  No knowledge about other world except Asia until 16 th century.  Sinocentrism ( 중화사상 - 中華思想 )  Western power started to contact with China & Japan since the late 15 th century.  In 1628 & 1653 Europeans arrived in Jeju island after the shipwreck. ( 박연 -Jan Jansz. Weltevree / 하멜 -Hendrick Hamel)

67. The Journal of Hendrick Hamel

68. Introduced to Western Culture  Western products were introduced to Korea (world map, telescope, alarm clock, gun, canon, Bible, Catholic books, Statue of the Virgin Mary, and other scientific instruments & books)  Introduction of Catholic (religion < western learning)  Interest & demand about western culture for the good of people ( 실학 - 實學 - Realist School of Confucianism)

69. Japanese Rule CountryTime 10 th centry B.C.Go-Joseon 1 st centry B.C.Three kingdoms (Shilla, Baekje and Goguryeo) 668 – 935 A.D.Shilla (south: 668-935) Balhae (north: 698-926) 935 - 1392Goryeo Dynasty 1392 – 1910Joseon Dynasty 1910 - 1945Japanese rule  Japan annexed Korea by force in 1910.  Japan in 1938 outlawed use of Korean language in an attempt to eradicate Korean national identity.  Deep lament and resentment toward invaders prevailed in Korean literature and music.

70. Japanese Occupation (1905-1945)  Korea was occupied by Japan in 1905 following the Russo- Japanese War. In 1910, Japan formally annexed the entire peninsula.  The proto-occupation started in 1876, when Japan employed gunboat diplomacy to sign an unequal treaty. The pact opened up Korea for trade with Japan, and also granted the Japanese special rights in Korea such as extraterritoriality (Japanese in Korea would be subject to Japanese, not Korean, law).  To counter Japanese interference in Korea, Empress Myeongseong, was considering turning to Russia or China for support. In 1895, Empress Myeongseong was assassinated by the Japanese.

71. Ganghwa Treaty of 1896  Joseon opened its door to outer world.  First modern treaty signed by Joseon with foreign country.  Forced by Japan to sign the treaty by which Japan gets free-hand to infiltrate.  Arise movement to oppose the unequal treaty to open the nation, and preserve the national tradition.

72. Japanese Invasions in Asia-Pacific

73.  Koreans were discriminated, tortured, raped, executed and mass murdered by the Imperial Japanese Army. The Japanese would torture people in order to obtain information leading to the capture "Independence Army" members.  Major cultural genocides and war crimes committed by the Japanese include sex slavery and kidnapping of Korean females for the Japanese army, human experiments, on live Koreans, burning down of Korean villages, banning of the Korean language and religions, complete censorship of media, unfair confiscation of land, food and cultural assets, forced name changes and Imperial education, which led to a strong rise in anti-Japanese sentiment and Korean nationalism, still persistent to this date in both South Korea and North Korea.  During World War II, Koreans were forced to support the Japanese war effort. Tens of thousands of men were conscripted into Japan's military. Around 200,000 girls and women, mostly from Korea and China, were conscripted as sex slaves, euphemistically called "comfort women".

74.  European-styled transport and communication networks were established across the nation. This facilitated Japanese exploitation, but modernization had little if any effect on the Korean people, but was mainly being used to serve Japanese trade needs, and their tight centralized controls.  The Japanese removed the Joseon hierarchy, destroyed the Korean Palace, and revamped Korea's taxation system to evict tenant farmers, export Korean rice crops to Japan which provoked Korean famines; and brought in a punitive series of measures which included murdering those who refused to pay taxes in the provinces; forced slavery in roadworks and mines.

75.  A Korean solider, fighting against Japanese occupation.

76. Divided Peninsula  Surrender of Japan to the Allied Forces in August 1945 ended the Japanese occupation of Korea.  In 1945 at Postdam conference US (Truman), USSR (Stalin) and UK (Churchil) decided to divide Korean peninsula at 38 th parallel without consulting Koreans. CountryTime 10 th centry B.C.Go-Joseon 1 st centry B.C.Three kingdoms (Shilla, Baekje and Goguryeo) 668 – 935 A.D.Shilla (south: 668-935) Balhae (north: 698-926) 935 - 1392Goryeo Dynasty 1392 – 1910Joseon Dynasty 1910 - 1945Japanese rule 1948Established Republic of Korea in South 1950-1953Korean war 1961Military coup 1988Seoul Olympics

77. Korean War  North Korea invaded south by launching surprise attack on 6/25/50.  United Nations forces led by US defended South.  Many Koreans lost or separated from family members in both South and North. CountryTime 10 th centry B.C.Go-Joseon 1 st centry B.C.Three kingdoms (Shilla, Baekje and Goguryeo) 668 – 935 A.D.Shilla (south: 668-935) Balhae (north: 698-926) 935 - 1392Goryeo Dynasty 1392 – 1910Joseon Dynasty 1910 - 1945Japanese rule 1948Established Republic of Korea in South 1950-1953Korean war 1961Military coup 1988Seoul Olympics

78. Modern Korea  Economic development plan began after military coup in 1961  2009 Korean GDP ranked No.12 in the world. CountryTime 10 th centry B.C.Go-Joseon 1 st centry B.C.Three kingdoms (Shilla, Baekje and Goguryeo) 668 – 935 A.D.Shilla (south: 668-935) Balhae (north: 698-926) 935 - 1392Goryeo Dynasty 1392 – 1910Joseon Dynasty 1910 - 1945Japanese rule 1948Established Republic of Korea in South 1950-1953Korean war 1961Military coup 1988Seoul Olympics

79. Religions of Korean People (based on 2004 census report)

80. Korean Buddhism  Introduced to Korea druing three kingdom era (around 372 A.D.)  Became state religion in three kingdoms and Goryeo dynasty  Deep influence in every aspect of Korean life, culture, and arts  Currently about 24% of population is Buddhist.  Buddha’s birthday is national holiday in Korea.

81. Korean Confucianism  Joseon dynasty promoted Confucian philosophies as national philosophy.  Complex system, selectively imported from China, of moral, social, political, philosophical, and quasi-religious thought.  Became an indispensable component of the Korean moral system, way of life, and laws Memorial rite to the kings of the Joseon Dynasty is performed at Jong-myo Shrine

82. Korean Christianity  Catholicism was imported into Korea by a Korean scholar, Yi Seung-hun, who was baptized while visiting China.  Thousands of Catholics were executed during government persecution in the late Joseon dynasty.  Protestant missionaries came to Korea during Japanese rule in the early 20 th century.  Dedicated to higher education and health care  Catholics and Protestant Christians are more populous in urban areas and often have higher education levels.

83. UNESCO’s World Cultural Heritages Dolmen Sites in Ganghwa, Hwasun, & Gochang Gyeongju Historic Areas Tripitaka Koreana Woodblocks Depository Jongmyo Shrine of Joseon Royal Ancestors Changdeok- gung Palace Seokguram Grotto and Bulguksa Temple