1. LDTC Workshop Dictionaries (Lexique Pro)

2. Why should we make a dictionary? ■ Uses for the community: –Often gives prestige/legitimacy/validation to a language –A useful reference, esp. if the language is obsolescent –As a medium for a standard, i.e. the “official” version –Pedagogical applications; teaching the language **Don’t need to be a linguist to do it**

3. Why should we make a dictionary? ■ For linguists/other researchers: –Develop close ties to the community –Projects take several years: some amount of work security for you and your consultants –Develop avenues of research you didn’t know were there –A huge amount of interesting ethnobotanical, cultural, etc. knowledge is encoded in the lexicon. Really doing your duty to documentation.

4. OK GREAT! How do I do it then?

5. Hypothetical steps: 1. List all the words I know in my language. 2. Translate them. 3. Done! NOPE. *Must have a metadata structure that makes what you do as useful as possible to the people who you envision using it.

6. Parts of a dictionary ■ Head word –First part of the entry, most simplified form of the word ■ Pronunciation –Can use IPA, and if possible a recording ■ Part of speech –Noun, Verb, Adjective, etc. ■ Example sentence (and recording) ■ Translation -Can include as many languages as you want ■ Cross-referencing

7. Remarks on grammatical categories ■ *Must know what the grammatical categories are for your language, AND how to test for them ■ For example, does your language have: Adjectives? Particles? Adpositions? Positionals? Lexical suffixes? Alienably vs. inalienably possessed nouns? Gender? Auxiliary, serial, or ‘light’ verbs? Verb classes?

8. Types of dictionaries ■ Alphabetic - words are presented in alphabetical order –Really need standardized spelling

9. Types of dictionaries ■ Organized by root –e.g. Arabic A c L M -a c alam: sign, token, mark, badge -a c ailam: tender; well with abundant water; sea -ma c alama: encyclopedia -ia c laam: notification, advice -a c aalam: world, universe, cosmos ع ل م عيلم معلمة اعلام عالم

10. Types of dictionaries ■ Thematic - words are grouped by their subject area –Can be complied in less time –Can be tailored to community interests –Sometimes lack common, non-thematic words –Often not easily searchable

11. Things to watch out for: homophony ■ Things that are clearly related, homophonous, yet different parts of speech (or sometimes even the same parts of speech) ■ a crow vs. to crow ■ Google vs. to google ■ Divisions based on grammatical properties: –Ex. Write: is it intransitive, transitive, or ditransitive? How do you show this?

12. ■ Impress (verb): –To press a thing into or on something –To affect deeply in mind or feelings –To fix ideas or facts firmly in memory –To urge (something remembered or done) –To impose a quality or characteristic on something –(arch.) to force into service on a seafaring vessel Things to watch out for: multiple senses/definitions

13. Things to watch out for: suppletion ■ Go → went. 2 entries or 1? ■ Ancient Greek: λαμβανω (present) ληψομαι (future) ελαβον (imperfect) ειληφα (aorist (completive)) ειλημμαι (perfect) εληφθην (future perfect)

14. Other lexical information issues ■ Where do you put idioms? ■ What is too big/small to be considered a word? –e.g. an “ism” ■ What about alternate spellings/dialectal differences? ■ Things that are taboo? ■ Borrowings? (i.e. when does it count as part of the language?)

15. How many words do I have to have? ■ Most English dictionaries contain ~470,000 entries ■ Most high school graduates have a vocabulary of ~60,000 words ■ Dictionaries of less studied languages are considered ‘good’ if they have ~3,000-6,000 entries

16. But for today… ■ 25 entries –Need to have example sentences –Best if you have sound clips ■ Already have a metadata structure ■ *Keep everything in mind however if you plan to put your time into doing a full dictionary of your language

17. Great! Let’s make dictionaries!!! Got it?

18. Lexique Pro

19. Getting started ■ Go to: www.lexiquepro.com/download.htm www.lexiquepro.com/download.htm ■ Click Lexique Pro 3.6 – Setup ■ Save it somewhere on your computer to start the download ■ Click on it once it finishes to open the Startup Wizard. Click through until you see this:

21. Next: ■ Go to File → Create New Lexicon ■ You will see another Wizard pop up ■ *If it took you straight here without opening first, don’t worry about it. ■ This is the same thing you will do if you ever create dictionaries for other languages too

22. Creating your dictionary

30. If you need extra fields:

31. Adding sound files ■ 1. record yourself saying the headwords and the example sentences in Audacity ■ Make sure they are all separate recordings!

32. Adding sound files ■ Instead of saving, go to file →export ■ Save files as.wav, in a folder that you create called LPsoundfiles_(lang code)_(yourname)_2013 –Ex. LPsoundfiles_jra_hrilsiu_2013 Name the file something easily identifiable to you -- Ex. q’ij_example.wav

33. Adding sound files ■ Go to ‘properties’ ■ Copy the file location ■ Paste the file location into the Lexique Pro entry field \sf if it’s a headword recording, or the \sfx field if it’s an example recording ■ You might have to add the actual file name to the end of the extension ■ If you did it right, then in the ‘view’ tab, speaker icons will appear

34. Wrap Up ■ Questions? Comments? ■ If you don’t complete them today, work on them outside of the workshop (make time to meet with your mentors if you need to!) Thank you!