1. ORAL PRESENTATION TECHNIQUES Anonymous - 1987 "How to do it?" (Articles from British Medical Journal), British Medical Association, London. Price Waterhouse Siddik, 1987, "Effective Business Communications," Course Material, Price Waterhouse Siddik, Jakarta. This session was originally developed by Dr. Sri Suryawati (Indonesia) and revised by Dr. Beverly Summers (South Africa). Photographs provided by Dr. Sri Suryawati.

2. Oral presentations are a common requirement in many courses. They may be short or long, include slides or other visual aids, and be done individually or in a group. In your graduate or postgraduate studies, you may have the opportunity to deliver lectures, seminars and tutorials as well, and the more practice you have at any of these, the easier it gets.

3. The major steps in oral presentations are planning, structuring, preparing and presenting

4. Plan Like any form of presentation of your research, an oral presentation needs attention to research and planning. Purpose What is the aim of your research? Why are you presenting it in oral form? What is important about your findings? What is the key focus of your presentation? Audience To whom are you presenting your findings? Are they more or less knowledgeable on the topic than you? Pitch your data to the appropriate level. What does your audience expect to gain from listening to you?

5. Structure Also like an essay, an oral presentation needs an introduction, body and conclusion. In the introduction, you may like to include a brief (and relevant) anecdote or provocative question to engage your audience from the beginning. A question that includes your audience will make them want to follow through with you to find out the implications as they relate to them directly. The conclusion should point to further research or conclusive results if possible. Try to end with a clear concluding statement,, so that you aren't forced to finish by saying, "um, that's it."

6. Spoken versus written language There are both subtle and significant differences in speech and writing, and it's good to know what they are when preparing an oral presentation. For one thing, a speech should sound more like natural speech.

7. First person One of the most obvious ways in which to achieve this is to speak sometimes in the first person - you can refer to yourself in an oral presentation, for example, "I'd like to start by..." or "Let me give you an example...", whereas in written projects it is best to keep the use of the first person to a minimum.

8. Jargon Because your audience needs to be able to follow you without being able to refer back to written text, try to unpack your language somewhat - don't be too academically dense or use too much jargon.

9. Signposting You will be accustomed to signposting in essays, where you guide your readers through your argument with phrases such as "The focus of this paper will be..." or "I'd like to move on to..." This technique is crucial in oral presentations, where the audience does not have the luxury of referring to the writing in front of them.

10. Visual aids Powerpoint The most common way to incorporate visuals or slides nowadays is through the use of Powerpoint. If you have the option (that is, you have Powerpoint on your computer and access to a data projector in the room), you should choose Powerpoint instead of an overhead projector (OHP) and transparencies. It is much easier to manage and more professional when used appropriately. Having said that, there are some very important tips of what to do and what not to do when using Powerpoint.

11. Do Ensure in advance that the room has a projector. Do a number of practice runs through the presentation before the real thing. Be prepared for all technology to fail and either have backup transparencies for images or a full set of notes in order to give the presentation without any slides. Limit how many slides you include - you usually need far less than you think you do. Again, practice will help you gain confidence to know how many are sufficient. Only use keywords and simple phrases. Use a large enough, easy-to-read font (and no Comic Sans!). Label any graphs, charts, figures and diagrams (again in a readable font size). Include images for visual interest occasionally if relevant.

12. Don't Rely too heavily on the Powerpoint presentation, which may experience technical difficulties on the day. Simply read from your slides - let them be reminders and key points. Use amusing fonts - stick to the basics such as Times or Arial. Use unnecessary slide or text transitions - it's distracting and slow to watch letters appear one at a time. Use Powerpoint sounds or any other sounds unless it's part of the presentation. Choose a template that's busy and doesn't relate to the presentation.

13. Prepare The more prepared you feel, the less nervous you're likely to be. There are a few key considerations in preparation for an oral presentation, namely time limits, speaking from notes, body language and use of voice.

14. Oral Presentation Techniques: Objectives  Understand the key factors for successful presentation delivery  Prepare effective visual aids  Deliver successful presentations  Evaluate presentation delivery

15. 4 Key Factors for a Successful Presentation 1. Timing 2. Attention span 3. Personal approach 4. Practice

16. 1. Timing Do not talk needlessly Remember: One Minute per Slide as Guideline Judge your timing by practice

17. 2. Attention Span: Audience attention fluctuates TIME Repeat key ideas Voice Jokes ATTENTIONATTENTION

18. 3.Personal Approach Personal features of the presenter can make or break presentation A. Gesture B. Voice C. Eye Contact D. Breathing

19. 3A. Gesture Important in nonverbal communication  Emphasize points  Highlights  Audience attention  Vary gesture  Important elements Position of speaker Position of transparencies Not too much movement

20. 3B. Voice Critical part of a verbal presentation  Volume—speak to be heard  Modulation— vary the voice  Pause—make emphasis with pause

21. 3C. Eye Contact Look at each member of your audience  Involvement  Trust/support  Interest  Spontaneous reaction

22. 3D. Breathing Breathing during presentation is different from normal breathing  Breathe deeper for Volume Control Emphasis  Don't lose your breath

23. Elements of an Oral Presentation  Good visual aids  Logical sequence

24. Why Do We Need Visual Aids?  Keep speaker on track  Generate interest  Help information retention Use visual aids to maximize the effectiveness of your presentation effectiveness of your presentation

25. Visual Aid Rules  Keep it simple  Minimize words  Use large fonts  List key points  Use exact phrasing  Use color  Prepare handouts

26. Prepare a Presentation in a Logical Sequence 1. Situation 2. Theme 3. Storyline 4. Storyboard 5. Master 6. Production 7. Practice 8. Evaluation

27. 1. Situation Consider the audience carefully  How big?  Who?  Level of knowledge?  Level of interest?  Resistance?  Time?

28. 2. Theme Define your theme in one short sentence  Be concise  Be direct

29. 3. Storyline Break down your theme into major parts Storyline Theme Problem Definition Approach Findings Recommendation

30. Theme Problem definition Approach Findings Recommendation 4. Storyboard Visualize the storyline into a storyboard

31. 5. Master Finalize the flow of the presentation  Finalize data  Sketch all diagrams-clarity  Conclusion  Check for logic  Consultation  Rehearsal

32. 6. Production  Allow plenty of time for production  One key message per slide!  5 rules when preparing a visual aid: 1. Keep it simple 2. Minimize words 3. List key points 4. Make letters large 5. Use exact phrasing

33. 7. Practice! Adequate rehearsal is essential for a good presentation  Development of each visual  Transition  Self-confidence  Timing Practice Makes Perfect

34. 8. Evaluation  After every presentation EVALUATE Did the audience “get” the key points? Were the visual aids clear and useful? Were the questions relevant?  When possible, use written evaluations

35. Conclusion  Any professional can become an effective presenter  Knowledge is not enough  Communication is equally important  Investing time and effort in improving presentation skills is always rewarded

36. Evaluation of Oral Presentation Skills Presenter:Evaluator: Point OutstandingSatisfactoryPoor Timing123456789 Maintaining attention123456789 Personal Approach -gesture123456789 -voice123456789 -eye contact123456789 -breathing123456789 Visual aids -simplicity123456789 -amount of text123456789 -font123456789 -clarity of key points123456789 -exact phrasing123456789 - use of visual aids123456789 Comments: Strengths Weaknesses EK-1

37. GEODESY related links on the WORLD Delft University of Technology http://www.tudelft.nl/http://www.tudelft.nl/ Technischen Universität München (TUM) http://portal.mytum.dehttp://portal.mytum.de Universität Bonn http://www1.uni-bonn.de/http://www1.uni-bonn.de/ Leibniz Universität Hannover http://www.uni-hannover.de/Leibniz Universität Hannoverhttp://www.uni-hannover.de/ The Ohio State University http://www.osu.edu/http://www.osu.edu/ University of Newcastle http://www.ncl.ac.uk/http://www.ncl.ac.uk/ University of Calgary http://www.ucalgary.ca/http://www.ucalgary.ca/ Purdue University http://www.purdue.edu/http://www.purdue.edu/ Technische Universität Wien http://www.tuwien.ac.at/http://www.tuwien.ac.at/ Helsinki University of Technology http://www.tkk.fi/en/http://www.tkk.fi/en/ Wuhan University http://w3.whu.edu.cn/http://w3.whu.edu.cn/ International Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLB I) Service for Geodesy and Astrometry (IVS) http://ivscc.gsfc.nasa.gov/http://ivscc.gsfc.nasa.gov/ The International GNSS Service (IGS), http://igscb.jpl.nasa.gov/GNSS