1. Dynatel™ 2273 Advanced Cable and Fault Locator

2. Press Off Key to check battery status Press Ohms Key to check resistance of hookup, or to select earth fault locate Press Trace Key to select output frequency, high output for long trace (always on ALL) Transmitter Control Keys

3. TRANSMITTER HOOKUPS 1.DIRECT CONNECT METHOD 2.DYNA-COUPLER METHOD 3.INDUCTION METHOD

4. DIRECT CONNECT METHOD Use 577Hz or 8kHz Remove near-end ground, hook to cable sheath or conductors. Longest tracing distance, minimal tone induction Transmitter 90 degrees to path

5. Use 8kHz,33kHz or 200kHz DYNA- COUPLER HOOKUP Maintain near-end and far-end ground Use higher frequency, can cause induction in other cable Coupler MUST be on trace side of near end ground

6. INDUCTION METHOD & HOOKUP Transmitter hinge inline with cable path Both ends grounded Highest output frequency Not suggested for use in congested area

7. CABLE TRACING MODES u PEAK u SPECIAL PEAK u NULL u DIFFERENTIAL

8. ON OFF Hz TraceFrequencyFault/Tone Ref Volume Depth/Current Gain Adjust Dynatel TM 2273 Receiver Control Panel

9. Note: In this mode, a flag appears below the PEAK symbol on top of the LCD display. Display Indications: Location #1:  Bar graph - moves to max. closed position towards center of the display.  Numeric Indicator - Higher compared to the reading in either location #2 or #3.  Audio Tone - Stronger compared to that of location #2 or #3. Location #2:  Bar graph - Opens up or moves away from center of display.  Numeric Indicator - Lower compared to that location #1.  Audio Tone - Weaker compared to that of location #1. Location #3:  Bar graph - Opens up or moves away from center of display.  Numeric Indicator - Lower compared to that of location #1.  Audio Tone - Weaker compared to that location #1. CABLE TRACING - PEAK MODE Note: Special Peak-hold down gain adjust press trace

10. Note: In this mode, a flag appears below the NULL symbol on top of the LCD display. Display Indications: Location #1:  Bar graph - Moves to max. closed position towards center of display.  Numeric Indicator - Lower compared to that of location #2 or #3.  Audio Tone - Weaker compared to that of location #2 or #3. Location #2:  Bar graph - Opens up away from center of display.  Numeric Indicator - Higher compared to that of location #1.  Audio Tone - Stronger than that of location #1. Loaction #3:  Bar graph - Opens up away from center of display.  Numeric Indicator - Higher compared to that of location #1.  Audio Tone - Stronger compared to that of location #1. NULL TRACE SOIL TARGET CABLE RECEIVER CABLE TRACING - NULL MODE

11. ZERO-VALUE POSITIVE VALUE NEGATIVE VALUE SOIL TARGET CABLE RECEIVER UPPER ANTENNA SET ( Peak & Null Coils) LOWER ANTENNA SET ( Peak & Null Coils) CABLE TRACING - DIFFERENTIAL MODE LOCATION 1 Zero Value, arrows meet in middle, high signal strength, no warbling sound LOCATION 2 Positive Value, arrow points right, lower signal strength, low warbling sound LOCATION 3 Negative Value, arrow points left, lower signal strength, high warbling sound

12. CABLE TRACING - PEAK MODE (in a congested environment) Target Cable Other Cable

13. Target Cable Other Cable Ghost CABLE TRACING - NULL MODE (in a congested environment)

14. A: DISPLAY IN TRACE MODE B: DISPLAY IN DEPTH & CURRENT MEASUREMENT MODE IDENTIFYING THE CORRECT CABLE USING DEPTH AND CURRENT MEASUREMENT MODE

15. ON OFF Hz TraceFrequencyFault/Tone Ref Volume Depth/Current Gain Adjust Dynatel TM 2273 120 124 REF EARTH RETURN (SHEATH) FAULT LOCATE

16. EARTH RETURN (SHEATH) FAULT LOCATE - BASIC THEORY Remove grounds on both ends of section to verify earth fault Ground rod inline with cable path Set transmitter in fault locate mode Grounds removed VOLTAGE GRADIENT VOLTAGE GRADIENT

17. EARTH RETURN (SHEATH) FAULT LOCATE - BASIC THEORY Take a reference one pace from ground rod Move along path 3 or 4 paces then check Follow the 3/90s rule 123

18. Questions –What is the Directional peak mode? –What is Null Mode?