1. 1945-1960

2.   Mexican American Scholars: George Sanchez, Arturo Campa, Ernesto Galarza “Americans All” campaign National Farm Labor Union (NFLU), 1947  Lawyers: Alonso Perales and Manuel Gonzales Caucasian Race Equal Privileges Resolution, 1943  Politicians: Senator Dennis Chavez Bill S101 in 1945 for a permanent Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC) Fighting Discrimination

3. “… all persons of the Caucasian Race within the jurisdiction of this State are entitled to the full and equal accommodations, advantages, facilities, and privileges of all public places of business or amusement.” - Caucasian Race Equal Privileges Resolution

4.  Labor Organizing

5.  Post WWII Legislation  G.I. Bill, 1944  Taft-Hartley Act, 1947  Internal Security Act, 1950  McCarran-Walter Act, 1952

6.  Longoria Affair  Died in 1945 during WWII in the Pacific  Body returned to family in 1948  Refusal to hold wake in the only funeral home in Three Rivers, TX

7.  Longoria Affair  Hector Garcia  American G.I. Forum Source: http://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=42268

8.  ANMA, 1948  National Association of Mexican Americans  Radical civil rights approach  Pushed passage of FEPC  Called for: End to Colonialism End to U.S. support of dictatorships in Latin America Support of Cuban revolution Black civil rights

9.  Salt of the Earth Strike, 1950  Against Empire Zinc Co. in New Mexico  Mine Mill Union viewed as communist  Women during the strike  1954 film, “Salt of the Earth” Source: http://dradis.ur.northwestern.edu/multimedia/photos/2014/02/salt638.jpg

10.  Desegregation Cases  Mendez v. Westminster, 1947  Delgado v. Bastrop ISD, 1948  Multiple desegregation cases followed  Despite victories, school districts continued segregation

11.  ACSSP, 1951  American Council of Spanish Speaking People  Fought de facto segregation using the “other white” argument  Funded by the Marshall Trust Fund  By 1959 funding withdrawn leaving a void for leadership to fight for Mexican American civil rights

12.  Operation Wetback, 1954  Government sponsored deportation program  Ran for a 4 year period  Mexican immigrants declared subversive  Numbers game Source: maghis.oxfordjournals.org

13.  Hernandez v. Texas, 1954  Briefed by Gus Garcia  Issue of discriminatory jury selection  Court recognized Latinos as suffering inequality  Class apart theory Source: https://tarlton.law.utexas.edu/clark/images/hernandez_photo.jpg

14. White opposition to the Hernandez decision argued that the Supreme Court rendered Mexican Americans “ too white for their own good.”

15.   1954 Supreme Court Case  NAACP lawyers filed suit against the Topeka, KS Board of Education on behalf of Oliver Brown  Thurgood Marshall was general council  Chief Justice Warren issued the unanimous decision  Supreme court called for the process of desegregation to begin “with all deliberate speed” Brown v. Board, 1954

16. “To separate [black children] from others of similar age and qualifications solely because of their race generates a feeling of inferiority as to their status in the community that may affect their hearts and minds in a way unlikely to ever be undone…Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.” - Chief Justice Earl Warren

17.  1950s Mexican American Politics  Tied to Civil Rights efforts of African Americans  Henry B. Gonzalez  Fight against efforts to undermine Brown v. Board Source: h ttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/He nry_B_Gonzalez.jpg/220px-Henry_B_Gonzalez.jpg

18.  Viva Kennedy Clubs  Gonzalez (TX), Chavez (NM), Roybal (CA)  MAPA, California Mexican American Political Association  PASSO, Texas Political Association of Spanish Speaking Organizations Source: http://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth249116/m1/1/med_res/