1. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu To View the presentation as a slideshow with effects select “View” on the menu bar and click on “Slide Show.” To advance through the presentation, click the right-arrow key or the space bar. From the resources slide, click on any resource to see a presentation for that resource. From the Chapter menu screen click on any lesson to go directly to that lesson’s presentation. You may exit the slide show at any time by pressing the Esc key. How to Use This Presentation

2. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter Presentation Transparencies Standardized Test Prep Visual Concepts Resources

3. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu The Science of Life Chapter 1 Table of Contents Section 1 The World of Biology Section 2 Themes in Biology Section 3 The Study of Biology Section 4 Tools and Techniques

4. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 The World of Biology Chapter 1 Objectives Relate the relevance of biology to a person’s daily life. Describe the importance of biology in human society. List the characteristics of living things. Summarize the hierarchy of organization within complex multicellular organisms. Distinguish between homeostasis and metabolism and between growth, development, and reproduction.

5. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 The World of Biology Chapter 1 Biology and You Biology and Society –Biology is the study of life and can be used to both solve societal problems and explain aspects of our daily lives.

6. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 The World of Biology Chapter 1 Characteristics of Life Living things share the same 7 characteristics: organization and cells, response to stimuli, homeostasis, metabolism, growth and development, reproduction, and evolution.

7. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 1 The Seven Properties of Life Section 1 The World of Biology Cellular organization Reproduction Metabolism Homeostasis Heredity Responsiveness Growth and development

8. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 The World of Biology Chapter 1 Characteristics of Life, continued Organization and Cells –Organization is the high degree of order within an organism’s internal and external parts and in its interactions with the living world. –A cell is the smallest unit of an organism that can perform all life’s processes.

9. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 The World of Biology Chapter 1 Characteristics of Life, continued Organization and Cells –Multicellular organisms are made up of many cells and show a hierarchy of organization going from the organism to the atom.

10. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 The World of Biology Chapter 1 Characteristics of Life, continued Response to Stimuli –Another characteristic of life is that an organism can respond to a stimulus—a physical or chemical change in the internal or external environment.

11. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 The World of Biology Chapter 1 Characteristics of Life, continued Homeostasis –All living things have mechanisms that allow them to maintain stable internal conditions. Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable level of internal conditions even though environmental conditions are constantly changing.

12. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 The World of Biology Chapter 1 Characteristics of Life, continued Metabolism –Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical reactions that take in and transform energy and materials from the environment.

13. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 The World of Biology Chapter 1 Characteristics of Life, continued Growth and Development –The growth of living things results from the division and enlargement of cells. –Development is the process by which an organism becomes a mature adult.

14. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 The World of Biology Chapter 1 Characteristics of Life, continued Reproduction –Living organisms pass on hereditary information from parents to offspring, also called reproduction.

15. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 1 Heredity Section 1 The World of Biology

16. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 The World of Biology Chapter 1 Characteristics of Life, continued Change Through Time –Populations of living organisms evolve or change through time.

17. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Themes in Biology Chapter 1 Objectives Identify three important themes that help explain the living world. Explain how life can be diverse, yet unified. Describe how living organisms are interdependent. Summarize why evolution is an important theme in biology.

18. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Themes in Biology Chapter 1 Diversity and Unity of Life Unity in the Diversity of Life –Life is so diverse,or full of variety. Yet, life is also characterized by unity, or features that all living things have in common.

19. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Themes in Biology Chapter 1 Diversity and Unity of Life, continued Unity in the Diversity of Life –The tree of life shows that all living things have descended with modification from a single common ancestor. Yet, there are many different lineages, or branches, representing different species.

20. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 1 Phylogenetic Diagram of Living Organisms Section 2 Themes in Biology

21. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Themes in Biology Chapter 1 Diversity and Unity of Life, continued Three Domains of Life –The three domains of life are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. –The six kingdoms include Archaea, Bacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

22. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Themes in Biology Chapter 1 Interdependence of Organisms Organisms live in interdependent communities and interact with both organisms and the environment.

23. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Themes in Biology Chapter 1 Evolution of Life Evolution, or descent with modification, is the process in which the inherited characteristics within populations change over generations. Evolution helps to explain how species came to exist, have changed over time, and adapt to their environment.

24. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Themes in Biology Chapter 1 Evolution of Life, continued Natural Selection –Natural selection is a process by which organisms that have certain favorable traits are better able to survive and reproduce successfully than organisms that lack these traits. –Natural selection can lead to the evolution of populations.

25. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 The Study of Biology Chapter 1 Objectives Outline the main steps in the scientific method. Summarize how observations are used to form hypotheses. List the elements of a controlled experiment. Describe how scientists use data to draw conclusions. Compare a scientific hypothesis and a scientific theory. State how communication in science helps prevent dishonesty and bias.

26. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 The Study of Biology Chapter 1 Science as a Process Steps of the Scientific Method –The scientific method involves making observations, asking questions, forming hypotheses, making predictions, designing experiments, analyzing data, and drawing conclusions.

27. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 The Study of Biology Chapter 1 Scientific Processes Collecting observations Asking questions Forming hypotheses and making predictions Confirming predictions (with experiments when needed) Drawing conclusions

28. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 The Study of Biology Chapter 1 Observing and Asking Questions The process of science begins with an observation. An observation is the act of perceiving a natural occurrence that causes someone to pose a question.

29. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 The Study of Biology Chapter 1 Forming a Hypothesis A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for the way a particular aspect of the natural world functions.

30. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 The Study of Biology Chapter 1 Forming a Hypothesis, continued Predicting –To test a hypothesis, scientists make a prediction that logically follows from the hypothesis.

31. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 The Study of Biology Chapter 1 Designing an Experiment Performing the Experiment –A controlled experiment compares an experimental group and a control group and only has one variable.

32. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 The Study of Biology Chapter 1 Designing an Experiment, continued Performing the Experiment –The control group provides a normal standard against which the biologist can compare results of the experimental group. –The experimental group is identical to the control group except for one factor.

33. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 The Study of Biology Chapter 1 Designing an Experiment, continued Performing the Experiment –The experimenter manipulates the independent variable. –The experimenter measures the dependent variable because it is is affected by the independent variable.

34. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 The Study of Biology Chapter 1 Designing an Experiment, continued Testing the Experiment –Experiments should be conducted without bias and they should be repeated.

35. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 The Study of Biology Chapter 1 Collecting and Analyzing Data Analyzing and Comparing Data –Scientists analyze data to draw conclusions about the experiment performed.

36. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 The Study of Biology Chapter 1 Drawing Conclusions Making Inferences –An inference is a conclusion made on the basis of facts and previous knowledge rather than on direct observations.

37. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 The Study of Biology Chapter 1 Drawing Conclusions, continued Applying Results and Building Models –Scientists often apply their findings about the natural world to solve practical problems.

38. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 The Study of Biology Chapter 1 Constructing a Theory A theory is a set of related hypotheses confirmed to be true many times, and it can explain a great amount of data.

39. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 The Study of Biology Chapter 1 Communicating Ideas Publishing a Paper –Scientists submit research papers to scientific journals for publication. –In peer review, the editors of a journal will send submitted papers out to experts in the field who anonymously read and critique the paper.

40. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 The Study of Biology Chapter 1 Honesty and Bias Communication between scientists about their methods and results helps prevent dishonesty and bias in science.

41. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 The Study of Biology Chapter 1 Honesty and Bias Conflict of Interest –The threat of a potential scandal based on misleading data or conclusions is a powerful force in science that helps keep scientists honest and fair.

42. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 4 Tools and Techniques Chapter 1 Objectives List the function of each of the major parts of a compound microscope. Compare two kinds of electron microscopes. Describe the importance of having the SI system of measurement. State some examples of good laboratory practice.

43. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 4 Tool and Techniques Chapter 1 Microscopes as Tools Light Microscopes –A compound light microscope is a microscope that shines light through a specimen and has two lenses to magnify an image. –Four major parts of a compound light microscope are the ocular lens, objective lens, stage, and light source.

44. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 4 Tool and Techniques Chapter 1 Microscopes as Tools Light Microscopes –The eyepiece magnifies the image. –The objective lens enlarges the specimen. –The stage is a platform that supports slides with specimens. –The light source is a light bulb that provides light for viewing images.

45. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 4 Tool and Techniques Chapter 1 Microscopes as Tools, continued Magnification and Resolution –Magnification is the increase of an object’s apparent size. –Resolution is the power to show details clearly in an image.

46. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 4 Tool and Techniques Chapter 1 Object Size and Magnifying Power of Microscopes

47. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 4 Tool and Techniques Chapter 1 Microscopes as Tools, continued Electron Microscopes –In an electron microscope, a beam of electrons produces an enlarged image of the specimen. –Electron microscopes provide greater magnification and resolution than light microscopes.

48. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 4 Tool and Techniques Chapter 1 Microscopes as Tools, continued Electron Microscopes –Scanning electron microscopes pass a beam of electrons over the specimen’s surface for better viewing the external surface of a specimen. –Transmission electron microscopes transmit a beam of electrons through a thinly sliced specimen for better viewing the internal structures of a specimen.

49. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 4 Tool and Techniques Chapter 1 Units of Measurement Base and Other Units –Scientists use a single, standard system of measurement, called the metric system. The official name of the metric system is Système International d’Unités or SI.

50. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 4 Tool and Techniques Chapter 1 Units of Measurement Base and Other Units –The metric system has seven base units.

51. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 4 Tool and Techniques Chapter 1 Safety Good Laboratory Practice –Lab safety involves safe and common-sense habits such as never working alone in a lab or without proper supervision by the teacher.

52. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice 1. Which of the following does evolution help explain? A. how organisms reproduce B. how organisms grow and develop C. how organisms are related to each other D. how organisms obtain and metabolize energy Chapter 1 Standardized Test Prep

53. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 1. Which of the following does evolution help explain? A. how organisms reproduce B. how organisms grow and develop C. how organisms are related to each other D. how organisms obtain and metabolize energy Chapter 1 Standardized Test Prep

54. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 2. Which of the following is the hereditary material in most living things? F. DNA G. lipids H. oxygen J. carbon dioxide Chapter 1 Standardized Test Prep

55. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 2. Which of the following is the hereditary material in most living things? F. DNA G. lipids H. oxygen J. carbon dioxide Chapter 1 Standardized Test Prep

56. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 3. Which of the following does the hierarchy of organization within an organism describe? A. metabolism B. homeostasis C. internal structures D. relationship to the physical environment Chapter 1 Standardized Test Prep

57. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 3. Which of the following does the hierarchy of organization within an organism describe? A. metabolism B. homeostasis C. internal structures D. relationship to the physical environment Chapter 1 Standardized Test Prep

58. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 4. To which of the following does the resolution of a microscope refer? F. its ability to show detail clearly G. its power to scan the surface of an object H. its series of interchangeable objective lenses J. its power to increase an object’s apparent size Chapter 1 Standardized Test Prep

59. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 4. To which of the following does the resolution of a microscope refer? F. its ability to show detail clearly G. its power to scan the surface of an object H. its series of interchangeable objective lenses J. its power to increase an object’s apparent size Chapter 1 Standardized Test Prep

60. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 5. An owl strikes a mouse more closely and on target in which of the following rooms? A. dark room B. light room C. heated room D. dark and lighted rooms Chapter 1 Standardized Test Prep The graph below shows the distance it takes an owl to strike a mouse under different conditions. Use the graph to answer the question that follows.

61. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 5. An owl strikes a mouse more closely and on target in which of the following rooms? A. dark room B. light room C. heated room D. dark and lighted rooms Chapter 1 Standardized Test Prep The graph below shows the distance it takes an owl to strike a mouse under different conditions. Use the graph to answer the question that follows.

62. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 6. compound light microscope : light :: TEM : F. tissues G. electrons H. organelles J. organ systems Chapter 1 Standardized Test Prep

63. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 6. compound light microscope : light :: TEM : F. tissues G. electrons H. organelles J. organ systems Chapter 1 Standardized Test Prep

64. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 7. Which of the following terms most accurately reflects the use of the term theory in the newspaper headline? A. law B. fact C. hypothesis D. experiment Chapter 1 Standardized Test Prep The figure below shows a newspaper clipping. Use the figure to answer the question that follows.

65. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 7. Which of the following terms most accurately reflects the use of the term theory in the newspaper headline? A. law B. fact C. hypothesis D. experiment Chapter 1 Standardized Test Prep The figure below shows a newspaper clipping. Use the figure to answer the question that follows.

66. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Short Response Dolly was cloned from mammary cells from an adult female sheep. She was an exact genetic copy of her mother. Explain whether Dolly represents a product of sexual reproduction or asexual reproduction. Chapter 1 Standardized Test Prep

67. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Short Response, continued Dolly was cloned from mammary cells from an adult female sheep. She was an exact genetic copy of her mother. Explain whether Dolly represents a product of sexual reproduction or asexual reproduction. Answer: Dolly is a product of asexual reproduction because she is the offspring of only one individual and a clone of that individual’s DNA. Chapter 1 Standardized Test Prep

68. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Extended Response Life is so diverse, yet it is characterized by a unity. The tree of life can relate life’s unity and diversity. Part A Describe the relationship between animals, plants, fungi, protists, bacteria, and archaea in the “tree of life.” Part B Explain how the “tree of life” represents and relates both the unity and diversity of life. Chapter 1 Standardized Test Prep

69. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Extended Response, continued Answer: Part A Animals, plants, fungi, and protists are members of the domain Eukarya. Eukarya, Bacteria, and Archaea are the three domains thought to have descended with modification from a single common ancestor. Part B The living things on the tree are unified by sharing a common ancestor and having DNA with the same chemical makeup. But, no two species have exactly the same genetic makeup, which allows for a diverse array of organisms on Earth. Chapter 1 Standardized Test Prep

70. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 4 Tool and Techniques Chapter 1 Units of Measurement