1. Unit 7: The Twentieth Century Since 1945

2. 1. Which geographic region has the greatest number of members in the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)? (1) South America (3) Southeast Asia (2) sub-Saharan Africa (4) Middle East

3. 1. Which geographic region has the greatest number of members in the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)? (1) South America (3) Southeast Asia (2) sub-Saharan Africa (4) Middle East

4. 2. The economic policies of Mikhail Gorbachev of the Soviet Union and of Deng Xiaoping of China included (1) elements of capitalism (2) boycotts on foreign products (3) a one-child policy (4) a reliance on agricultural self-sufficiency

5. 2. The economic policies of Mikhail Gorbachev of the Soviet Union and of Deng Xiaoping of China included (1) elements of capitalism (2) boycotts on foreign products (3) a one-child policy (4) a reliance on agricultural self-sufficiency

6. 3. What was the main reason refugees fled Rwanda in the 1990s? (1) ethnic conflict (2) expansion of the Sahel (3) devastation from an earthquake (4) Cold War tensions

7. 3. What was the main reason refugees fled Rwanda in the 1990s? (1) ethnic conflict (2) expansion of the Sahel (3) devastation from an earthquake (4) Cold War tensions

8. 4. Which concept is being shown by this 2005 diagram? (1) recession (3) socialism (2) urbanization (4) globalization

9. 4. Which concept is being shown by this 2005 diagram? (1) recession (3) socialism (2) urbanization (4) globalization

10. 5. The creation of the European Union (EU) and of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) were efforts to 1)attain economic benefits through regional organization 2)achieve world peace through military alliances 3)reduce resource depletion through economic planning 4)address environmental problems through coordinated research

11. 5. The creation of the European Union (EU) and of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) were efforts to 1)attain economic benefits through regional organization 2)achieve world peace through military alliances 3)reduce resource depletion through economic planning 4)address environmental problems through coordinated research

12. 6. The difficult, year-long journey made by Mao Zedong and his Communist followers in 1934 through China’s mountains, marshes, and rivers was called the (1) Cultural Revolution (3) Boxer Rebellion (2) Great Leap Forward (4) Long March

13. 6. The difficult, year-long journey made by Mao Zedong and his Communist followers in 1934 through China’s mountains, marshes, and rivers was called the (1) Cultural Revolution (3) Boxer Rebellion (2) Great Leap Forward (4) Long March

14. 7. Which region is directly associated with the events shown on this time line? (1) Latin America (3) Central Africa (2) Middle East (4) Southeast Asia

15. 7. Which region is directly associated with the events shown on this time line? (1) Latin America (3) Central Africa (2) Middle East (4) Southeast Asia

16. 8. Immediately after World War II, which country exerted political and economic control over Poland, Hungary, and Romania? (1) France (3) Soviet Union (2) United States (4) Great Britain

17. 8. Immediately after World War II, which country exerted political and economic control over Poland, Hungary, and Romania? (1) France (3) Soviet Union (2) United States (4) Great Britain

18. 9. The main reason oil-producing states formed the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) was to 1)promote foreign ownership of oil fields 2)lift economic sanctions and establish free trade 3)improve trade relations with the West 4)influence the price of oil and set production levels

19. 9. The main reason oil-producing states formed the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) was to 1)promote foreign ownership of oil fields 2)lift economic sanctions and establish free trade 3)improve trade relations with the West 4)influence the price of oil and set production levels

20. 10. What was a goal of the student protestors in Tiananmen Square in 1989? (1) independence for Taiwan (2) removal of troops from South Korea (3) access to foreign products (4) democratic reforms

21. 10. What was a goal of the student protestors in Tiananmen Square in 1989? (1) independence for Taiwan (2) removal of troops from South Korea (3) access to foreign products (4) democratic reforms

22. 11. What is one way post–World War II North Korea and post–World War II East Germany are similar? 1)Monarchies were reestablished in both countries. 2)Democratic principles flourished in both countries. 3)Both communist governments faced economic stagnation. 4)Both countries threatened to use chemical weapons against China.

23. 11. What is one way post–World War II North Korea and post–World War II East Germany are similar? 1)Monarchies were reestablished in both countries. 2)Democratic principles flourished in both countries. 3)Both communist governments faced economic stagnation. 4)Both countries threatened to use chemical weapons against China.

24. 12. The policies of which 20th-century leader helped to create the situation shown in this 2006 cartoon? (1) Deng Xiaoping (3) Aung San Suu Kyi (2) Kim Jong Il (4) Ho Chi Minh

25. 12. The policies of which 20th-century leader helped to create the situation shown in this 2006 cartoon? (1) Deng Xiaoping (3) Aung San Suu Kyi (2) Kim Jong Il (4) Ho Chi Minh

26. 13. The movement to establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine is best known as (1) Zionism (3) Marxism (2) multi-culturalism (4) militarism

27. 13. The movement to establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine is best known as (1) Zionism (3) Marxism (2) multi-culturalism (4) militarism

28. 14. Ho Chi Minh and Jomo Kenyatta were leaders of movements that were attempting to achieve 1)nuclear disarmament 2)pan-Africanism 3)self-determination 4)collective security

29. 14. Ho Chi Minh and Jomo Kenyatta were leaders of movements that were attempting to achieve 1)nuclear disarmament 2)pan-Africanism 3)self-determination 4)collective security

30. 15. The main purpose of this 1961 cartoon is to 1)criticize Chinese government policy 2)reinforce Chinese government propaganda 3)praise Chinese government leaders 4)question Chinese government spending

31. 15. The main purpose of this 1961 cartoon is to 1)criticize Chinese government policy 2)reinforce Chinese government propaganda 3)praise Chinese government leaders 4)question Chinese government spending

32. 16. The Chinese communes referred to in this 1961 cartoon are most closely associated with the (1) Hundred Flowers Campaign (3) Cultural Revolution (2) Great Leap Forward (4) Four Modernizations

33. 16. The Chinese communes referred to in this 1961 cartoon are most closely associated with the (1) Hundred Flowers Campaign (3) Cultural Revolution (2) Great Leap Forward (4) Four Modernizations

34. 17. Which event was the primary reason the United Nations called for a Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide in 1948? (1) Bosnian massacres (2) killing fields in Cambodia (3) Holocaust (4) Hutu-Tutsi conflict

35. 17. Which event was the primary reason the United Nations called for a Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide in 1948? (1) Bosnian massacres (2) killing fields in Cambodia (3) Holocaust (4) Hutu-Tutsi conflict

36. 18. In the post–World War II period, which issue is most closely associated with the boundaries created for newly independent African countries? (1) expansion of urban centers (2) ethnic tensions (3) spread of AIDS (4) drought-related famine

37. 18. In the post–World War II period, which issue is most closely associated with the boundaries created for newly independent African countries? (1) expansion of urban centers (2) ethnic tensions (3) spread of AIDS (4) drought-related famine

38. 19. Which policy is represented in this photograph? (1) perestroika (3) détente (2) apartheid (4) extraterritoriality

39. 19. Which policy is represented in this photograph? (1) perestroika (3) détente (2) apartheid (4) extraterritoriality

40. 20. One way in which Karl Marx, Vladimir Lenin, and Fidel Castro are similar is that each believed in (1) supporting a capitalist system (2) preserving a rigid social system (3) spreading the teachings of Christianity (4) achieving change through revolution

41. 20. One way in which Karl Marx, Vladimir Lenin, and Fidel Castro are similar is that each believed in (1) supporting a capitalist system (2) preserving a rigid social system (3) spreading the teachings of Christianity (4) achieving change through revolution

42. 21. What was one concern associated with both the Korean War and the Vietnam War? 1)Kim Jong Il and Ho Chi Minh possessed nuclear weapons. 2)French colonial rule would continue to influence the region. 3)Renewed Japanese imperialism would trigger another world war. 4)Communism would spread through eastern and southeastern Asia.

43. 21. What was one concern associated with both the Korean War and the Vietnam War? 1)Kim Jong Il and Ho Chi Minh possessed nuclear weapons. 2)French colonial rule would continue to influence the region. 3)Renewed Japanese imperialism would trigger another world war. 4)Communism would spread through eastern and southeastern Asia.

44. 22. One function of both the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the European Union (EU) is to (1) oppose economic integration (2) promote immigration (3) reduce economic barriers (4) eliminate unemployment

45. 22. One function of both the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the European Union (EU) is to (1) oppose economic integration (2) promote immigration (3) reduce economic barriers (4) eliminate unemployment

46. 23. In 1989, the goal of the protest movement staged by Chinese students in Tiananmen Square was to 1)bring about democratic reforms 2)improve job opportunities in the military 3)expand foreign investment in Hong Kong 4)limit the amount of land designated for the “responsibility system”

47. 23. In 1989, the goal of the protest movement staged by Chinese students in Tiananmen Square was to 1)bring about democratic reforms 2)improve job opportunities in the military 3)expand foreign investment in Hong Kong 4)limit the amount of land designated for the “responsibility system”

48. 24. Which country was the site of ethnic tensions and a civil war between the Hutu and Tutsi in the 1990s? (1) Sudan (3) Tanzania (2) Kenya (4) Rwanda

49. 24. Which country was the site of ethnic tensions and a civil war between the Hutu and Tutsi in the 1990s? (1) Sudan (3) Tanzania (2) Kenya (4) Rwanda

50. 25. The government of Ayatollah Khomeini attempted to change Iranian society by 1)implementing Islamic fundamentalist principles 2)extending political equality to women 3)allying with communist bloc countries 4)adopting a western economic system

51. 25. The government of Ayatollah Khomeini attempted to change Iranian society by 1)implementing Islamic fundamentalist principles 2)extending political equality to women 3)allying with communist bloc countries 4)adopting a western economic system

52. 26. One way in which Aung San Suu Kyi, Lech Walesa, and Nelson Mandela are similar is that they all 1)supported the use of violence to achieve goals 2)inspired revolutions against autocratic monarchs 3)led movements to end oppression of their people 4)based their actions on the teachings of Karl Marx

53. 26. One way in which Aung San Suu Kyi, Lech Walesa, and Nelson Mandela are similar is that they all 1)supported the use of violence to achieve goals 2)inspired revolutions against autocratic monarchs 3)led movements to end oppression of their people 4)based their actions on the teachings of Karl Marx

54. 27. One way in which apartheid in South Africa and the caste system in India are similar is that both systems 1)allowed for educational opportunities 2)determined roles based on gender 3)revolved around central religious beliefs 4)enforced different sets of rules for distinct groups of people

55. 27. One way in which apartheid in South Africa and the caste system in India are similar is that both systems 1)allowed for educational opportunities 2)determined roles based on gender 3)revolved around central religious beliefs 4)enforced different sets of rules for distinct groups of people

56. 28. What was a major reason the Soviet Union established satellite states in Eastern Europe after World War II? 1)developing better trade relations with the West 2)creating a buffer zone against future invasions 3)participating in United Nations peacekeeping missions 4)controlling the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

57. 28. What was a major reason the Soviet Union established satellite states in Eastern Europe after World War II? 1)developing better trade relations with the West 2)creating a buffer zone against future invasions 3)participating in United Nations peacekeeping missions 4)controlling the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

58. …The achievement gap between black and white students in South Africa is enormous. In the province of Western Cape, only 2 out of 1,000 sixth-graders in predominantly black schools performed at grade level on a math test in 2005, compared with 2 out of 3 children in schools once reserved for whites that are now integrated, but generally in more affluent [wealthier] neighborhoods.… —Celia W. Dugger 29. Which underlying historical factor most significantly contributed to this achievement gap? 1)inequalities existing between the races under apartheid 2)economic sanctions placed on school communities 3)lack of governmental support for white educational programs 4)a period of political assassinations and civil war

59. …The achievement gap between black and white students in South Africa is enormous. In the province of Western Cape, only 2 out of 1,000 sixth-graders in predominantly black schools performed at grade level on a math test in 2005, compared with 2 out of 3 children in schools once reserved for whites that are now integrated, but generally in more affluent [wealthier] neighborhoods.… —Celia W. Dugger 29. Which underlying historical factor most significantly contributed to this achievement gap? 1)inequalities existing between the races under apartheid 2)economic sanctions placed on school communities 3)lack of governmental support for white educational programs 4)a period of political assassinations and civil war

60. 30. Many conflicts in the Middle East during the post–World War II period have directly resulted from (1) the dissolution of the Arab League (2) border clashes between Iran and China (3) disputes related to Palestine (4) the partition of Egypt

61. 30. Many conflicts in the Middle East during the post–World War II period have directly resulted from (1) the dissolution of the Arab League (2) border clashes between Iran and China (3) disputes related to Palestine (4) the partition of Egypt

62. … More than 30 years after “Year Zero” and more than a decade after the “return to democracy,” Cambodia remains in a league of its own — miserable, corrupt and compassionless. Only the toughest and the most unscrupulous can “make it” and get ahead. There is hardly any social net to speak of; the savage insanity of the Khmer Rouge has been replaced with savage capitalism, but often with the same people in charge.… — Andre Vitchek, “A Tortured History and Unanswered Questions” 31. What does the author of this 2006 passage conclude? (1) As democracy develops, circumstances will improve. (2) Though governments change, circumstances often remain the same. (3) New leadership is determined to replace the Khmer Rouge. (4) Harsh living conditions have caused people to rely extensively on a social net.

63. … More than 30 years after “Year Zero” and more than a decade after the “return to democracy,” Cambodia remains in a league of its own — miserable, corrupt and compassionless. Only the toughest and the most unscrupulous can “make it” and get ahead. There is hardly any social net to speak of; the savage insanity of the Khmer Rouge has been replaced with savage capitalism, but often with the same people in charge.… — Andre Vitchek, “A Tortured History and Unanswered Questions” 31. What does the author of this 2006 passage conclude? (1) As democracy develops, circumstances will improve. (2) Though governments change, circumstances often remain the same. (3) New leadership is determined to replace the Khmer Rouge. (4) Harsh living conditions have caused people to rely extensively on a social net.

64. 32. Which action was taken by Deng Xiaoping to improve the economy of China? (1) discouraging foreign investment (2) encouraging some capitalist practices (3) organizing the Red Guard (4) practicing glasnost

65. 32. Which action was taken by Deng Xiaoping to improve the economy of China? (1) discouraging foreign investment (2) encouraging some capitalist practices (3) organizing the Red Guard (4) practicing glasnost

66. 33. The World Trade Organization (WTO), North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and European Union (EU) all share the primary goal of 1)promoting space exploration and maintaining satellites 2)increasing economic aid to developing nations 3)encouraging trade between countries and lowering trade barriers 4)developing regulations to preserve the environment

67. 33. The World Trade Organization (WTO), North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and European Union (EU) all share the primary goal of 1)promoting space exploration and maintaining satellites 2)increasing economic aid to developing nations 3)encouraging trade between countries and lowering trade barriers 4)developing regulations to preserve the environment

68. 34. One purpose of the Nuremberg Trials and of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission in South Africa was to 1)address human rights abuses 2)support the establishment of democratic governments 3)establish free trade zones throughout the world 4)provide encouragement to people behind the Iron Curtain

69. 34. One purpose of the Nuremberg Trials and of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission in South Africa was to 1)address human rights abuses 2)support the establishment of democratic governments 3)establish free trade zones throughout the world 4)provide encouragement to people behind the Iron Curtain

70. 35. What is the main idea of this cartoon? (1) The United Nations is usually successful in freeing nations from communist control. (2) Western nations are frustrated by the strength of communist control in Eastern Europe. (3) Nations of the West are willing to negotiate with the Soviet Union. (4) The Soviet Union will usually cooperate with the United Nations.

71. 35. What is the main idea of this cartoon? (1) The United Nations is usually successful in freeing nations from communist control. (2) Western nations are frustrated by the strength of communist control in Eastern Europe. (3) Nations of the West are willing to negotiate with the Soviet Union. (4) The Soviet Union will usually cooperate with the United Nations.

72. 36. The 38th parallel in Korea and the 17 th parallel in Vietnam were used to mark 1)boundaries created by mountain ranges 2)demarcation lines instituted by papal authority 3)territorial claims disputed between ethnic minorities 4)political divisions established between communist and noncommunist territories

73. 36. The 38th parallel in Korea and the 17 th parallel in Vietnam were used to mark 1)boundaries created by mountain ranges 2)demarcation lines instituted by papal authority 3)territorial claims disputed between ethnic minorities 4)political divisions established between communist and noncommunist territories

74. 37. Prior to 1947, the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League worked together seeking to end (1) nonviolence (3) foreign rule (2) religious diversity (4) nonalignment

75. 37. Prior to 1947, the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League worked together seeking to end (1) nonviolence (3) foreign rule (2) religious diversity (4) nonalignment

76. 38. What was an immediate result of the Great Leap Forward (1958)? (1) independence of Kenya from Great Britain (2) the breakup of the Soviet Union (3) the relocation of Bosnian refugees (4) increased famine in China

77. 38. What was an immediate result of the Great Leap Forward (1958)? (1) independence of Kenya from Great Britain (2) the breakup of the Soviet Union (3) the relocation of Bosnian refugees (4) increased famine in China

78. … The grim statutes [laws] that I would spend the rest of my life fighting stared back at me from the page: the value of a woman’s life was half that of a man (for instance, if a car hit both on the street, the cash compensation due to the woman’s family was half that due the man’s); a woman’s testimony in court as a witness to a crime counted only half as much as a man’s; a woman had to ask her husband’s permission for divorce. The drafters of the penal code had apparently consulted the seventh century for legal advice. The laws, in short, turned the clock back fourteen hundred years, to the early days of Islam’s spread, the days when stoning women for adultery and chopping off the hands of thieves were considered appropriate sentences.… — Shirin Ebadi, Iran Awakening 39. Based on this passage, which statement is a valid conclusion about Iran following the revolution in 1979? (1) Men were often penalized for their treatment of women. (2) Laws were changed to reflect Western legal principles. (3) The legal system discriminated against women. (4) Legal decisions were based on economic values.

79. … The grim statutes [laws] that I would spend the rest of my life fighting stared back at me from the page: the value of a woman’s life was half that of a man (for instance, if a car hit both on the street, the cash compensation due to the woman’s family was half that due the man’s); a woman’s testimony in court as a witness to a crime counted only half as much as a man’s; a woman had to ask her husband’s permission for divorce. The drafters of the penal code had apparently consulted the seventh century for legal advice. The laws, in short, turned the clock back fourteen hundred years, to the early days of Islam’s spread, the days when stoning women for adultery and chopping off the hands of thieves were considered appropriate sentences.… — Shirin Ebadi, Iran Awakening 39. Based on this passage, which statement is a valid conclusion about Iran following the revolution in 1979? (1) Men were often penalized for their treatment of women. (2) Laws were changed to reflect Western legal principles. (3) The legal system discriminated against women. (4) Legal decisions were based on economic values.

80. 40. Which sequence of 20th-century Cold War events is in the correct chronological order? (1) fall of the Berlin Wall →Cuban missile crisis → adoption of the Marshall Plan (2) Cuban missile crisis →fall of the Berlin Wall → adoption of the Marshall Plan (3) fall of the Berlin Wall →adoption of the Marshall Plan →Cuban missile crisis (4) adoption of the Marshall Plan →Cuban missile crisis →fall of the Berlin Wall

81. 40. Which sequence of 20th-century Cold War events is in the correct chronological order? (1) fall of the Berlin Wall →Cuban missile crisis → adoption of the Marshall Plan (2) Cuban missile crisis →fall of the Berlin Wall → adoption of the Marshall Plan (3) fall of the Berlin Wall →adoption of the Marshall Plan →Cuban missile crisis (4) adoption of the Marshall Plan →Cuban missile crisis →fall of the Berlin Wall

82. 41. Some of the ethnic strife in Africa today can be traced back to the European division of Africa resulting from the (1) Treaty of Tordesillas (3) Berlin Conference (2) Congress of Vienna(4) Yalta Conference

83. 41. Some of the ethnic strife in Africa today can be traced back to the European division of Africa resulting from the (1) Treaty of Tordesillas (3) Berlin Conference (2) Congress of Vienna(4) Yalta Conference

84. 42. One way in which the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire (1915) and the Tutsis in Rwanda (1994) are similar is that both groups (1) sought safe haven in the Soviet Union (2) suffered human rights violations (3) seceded to create an independent state (4) fled to escape a severe flood

85. 42. One way in which the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire (1915) and the Tutsis in Rwanda (1994) are similar is that both groups (1) sought safe haven in the Soviet Union (2) suffered human rights violations (3) seceded to create an independent state (4) fled to escape a severe flood

86. 43. What was the main goal of Zionism? 1)forming a representative government in China 2)establishing a Jewish homeland in the region of Palestine 3)improving the standard of living in developing countries 4)creating an international peacekeeping organization to solve global conflicts

87. 43. What was the main goal of Zionism? 1)forming a representative government in China 2)establishing a Jewish homeland in the region of Palestine 3)improving the standard of living in developing countries 4)creating an international peacekeeping organization to solve global conflicts

88. 44. The Soviet Union’s response to the formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was to create the (1) Marshall Plan (3) Truman Doctrine (2) Warsaw Pact (4) European Union

89. 44. The Soviet Union’s response to the formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was to create the (1) Marshall Plan (3) Truman Doctrine (2) Warsaw Pact (4) European Union

90. 45. Which statement about the impact of geography on the culture and history of the Middle East region in the 20th century is most accurate? 1)Deserts have prevented military invasions. 2)The uneven distribution of resources has led to conflict. 3)The abundance of water has contributed to agricultural self-sufficiency. 4)Mountains have halted cultural diffusion.

91. 45. Which statement about the impact of geography on the culture and history of the Middle East region in the 20th century is most accurate? 1)Deserts have prevented military invasions. 2)The uneven distribution of resources has led to conflict. 3)The abundance of water has contributed to agricultural self-sufficiency. 4)Mountains have halted cultural diffusion.

92. 46. What is the main idea of this 1960s Chinese song? (1) The Sun will never set on Chinese communism. (2) Communist policies will liberate Mao Zedong. (3) The Chinese people will become wealthy under communism. (4) Mao Zedong will lead the Communist Party in building a new China.

93. 46. What is the main idea of this 1960s Chinese song? (1) The Sun will never set on Chinese communism. (2) Communist policies will liberate Mao Zedong. (3) The Chinese people will become wealthy under communism. (4) Mao Zedong will lead the Communist Party in building a new China.

94. 47. This 1960s Chinese song would most likely have been sung during the (1) return of Hong Kong (2) Cultural Revolution (3) Boxer Rebellion (4) Tiananmen Square incident

95. 47. This 1960s Chinese song would most likely have been sung during the (1) return of Hong Kong (2) Cultural Revolution (3) Boxer Rebellion (4) Tiananmen Square incident

96. 48. During the Cold War, India’s decision to support neither the United States nor the Soviet Union was based on its policy of (1) nonalignment (3) containment (2) isolationism (4) separatism

97. 48. During the Cold War, India’s decision to support neither the United States nor the Soviet Union was based on its policy of (1) nonalignment (3) containment (2) isolationism (4) separatism

98. 49. In the late 1970s, the Chinese government created the one-child policy because its leaders realized that there is a direct relationship between population growth and (1) military strength (2) economic development (3) social mobility (4) political toleration

99. 49. In the late 1970s, the Chinese government created the one-child policy because its leaders realized that there is a direct relationship between population growth and (1) military strength (2) economic development (3) social mobility (4) political toleration

100. 50. The style of clothing worn by Kemal Atatürk of Turkey and Reza Pahlavi of Iran in these photographs indicates these leaders’ desire to (1)westernize their nation (2)enforce fundamental Islamic principles (3)support nationalist movements (4)adapt to the physical climate of their country

101. 50. The style of clothing worn by Kemal Atatürk of Turkey and Reza Pahlavi of Iran in these photographs indicates these leaders’ desire to (1)westernize their nation (2)enforce fundamental Islamic principles (3)support nationalist movements (4)adapt to the physical climate of their country