1. Future plans of JAXA for GHRSST-PP Misako Kachi and Keiji Imaoka with GCOM Project Team Earth Observation Research Center (EORC) Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)

2. Status of Aqua/AMSR-E Mission status  Continuous observation for almost 6-years after the launch on May 4, 2002 onboard NASA’s EOS Aqua satellite.  Stable brightness temperature records, except the loss of 89GHz-A data from November 2004.  Operation of the Aqua satellite will be maintained at least until 2011, according to NASA senior review. Instrument characteristics  Multi-frequency microwave radiometer with dual polarization capability (developed by JAXA).  High-spatial resolution compared to existing instruments by large size antenna.  C-band (6.9GHz) channels for estimating SST and soil moisture.  Afternoon (1:30 pm) equatorial crossing time that is currently unique for microwave radiometers. Example of El-Nino monitoring by AMSR-E. Monitoring of summer sea ice extent over northern polar region

3. Stability of radiometric sensitivity Radiometric sensitivities of all the AMSR-E channels when observing the High Temperature noise Source (HTS) at temperature around 300K. Date [MM/DD/YY] Radiometer sensitivity [K]

4. Stability of annual averaged TB 6GHz-V over Rainforest36GHz-V over Rainforest 6GHz-V over Ice sheet

5. Concept of GCOM JAXA’s new mission, Global Change Observing Mission (called GCOM), consists of two medium size of satellites, GCOM-W and GCOM-C.  GCOM-W will contribute to the observations related to global water and energy circulation, which installs AMSR2 (Advanced Microwave radiometer 2).  GCOM-C will contribute to the surface and atmospheric measurements related to the carbon cycle and radiation budget, which installs SGLI (Second Generation Global Imager). GCOM is long-term mission to observe more than 10 years.  Three consecutive generations of satellites with one year overlap in orbit enables over 13 years observation in total. GCOM-W1 GCOM-W2 GCOM-W3 GCOM-C1 GCOM-C2 GCOM-C3 １ year Jan. 2012 Launch １ year

6. GCOM Program status (1) Japanese Fiscal Year FY2006FY2007FY2008FY2009FY2010FY2011FY2012FY2013 Milestone GCOM-W1 GCOM-C1 (TBD) Phase-B PDR CDR Phase-CPhase-DPhase-A SDR GCOM-W1 Project start Present Phase-BPhase-CPhase-APhase-D GCOM-C1 Launch (TBD) Pre-Phase-A GCOM-W1 Launch PDRCDRSDR GCOM-C1 Phase-up Review NOTE: Japanese Fiscal Year starts from April and end in March of next year.

7. GCOM Program status (2) GCOM-W1  AMSR2 PDR was over in July last year.  AMSR2 EM test Hot load: Finished 89GHz receiver: Finished Data processing unit: Software test  System & Subsystem PDR’s were finished in May this year.  AMSR2 CDR will be held in July. GCOM-C1  The proto-type of SGLI is under fabrication.  SDR (System Definition Review) of GCOM-C1 was over in December last year.  The phase-up review of GCOM-C1 was performed by SAC (Space Activity Commission) in February this year.

8. GCOM Program status (3) Ground system  The GCOM data policy was approved in JAXA. The GCOM data will be provided to public researchers from JAXA online system, free of charge except commercial use.  The SDR of the GCOM ground system was held in March.  The contractors will be selected this summer. NPOESS/GCOM Cooperation  At the GEO Ministerial Summit in November last year, the cooperation was confirmed as one of the Early Achievements in the process of building GEOSS.  NOAA and JAXA signed the Letter of Intent and are discussing the details of the cooperation. 1 st GCOM Research Announcement (RA) was issued in January.  Focuses on GCOM-W1/AMSR2 (Algorithm Development, Validation, Application Research)  3 year research from JFY2008  The proposals are evaluated now.

9. GCOM-W (Water) GCOM-W1 Satellite Targets of GCOM-W are water-energy cycle, and will carry the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-2 (AMSR2). AMSR2 will continue AMSR-E observations (water vapor, cloud liquid water, precipitation, SST, sea surface wind speed, sea ice concentration, snow depth, and soil moisture). Orbit Sun synchronous orbit Altitude: 699.6km (on Equator) Inclination: 98.186° Local sun time: 13:30±15min Life5 years LaunchJanuary 2012 by H-IIA Rocket Satellite scale 5.1m (X) X 17.6m (Y) X 5.0m (Z) (on-orbit) Satellite mass 1997kg Mission mass: 433kg (AMSR2) Bus mass (dry): 1,414kg Propellant: 150kg Power generation More than 4050W (EOL)

10. Overview of AMSR2 instrument AMSR2 Channel Set Center Freq. [GHz] Band width [MHz] Polar izati on Beam width [deg] (Ground res. [km]) Samplin g interval [km] 6.925/ 7.3 350 V and H 1.8 (35 x 62) 10 1.7 (34 x 58) 10.651001.2 (24 x 42) 18.72000.65 (14 x 22) 23.84000.75 (15 x 26) 36.510000.35 (7 x 12) 89.030000.15 (3 x 5)5 Deployed Deployable main reflector system with 2.0m diameter. Frequency channel set is identical to that of AMSR-E except 7.3GHz channel for RFI mitigation. Two-point external calibration with the improved HTS (hot-load). Deep-space maneuver will be considered to check the consistency between main reflector and CSM. Stowed AMSR2 characteristics ScanConical scan Swath width1450km Antenna2.0m offset parabola Digitalization12bit Incidence angle nominal 55 degree PolarizationVertical and Horizontal Dynamic range2.7-340K

11. C-band (7GHz) channels are indispensable for retrieving global sea surface temperature and soil moisture. All-weather, frequent measurements enables analyses of rapid changes of SST. Time-proven infrared measurement and microwave observations are in complementary situation in terms of spatial resolution and error sources. AMSR-E and various infrared sensor data are merged by objective analysis to obtain cloud-free high-resolution SST image. SST images around east coast of Japan on April 10, 2003 obtained by GLI (left) and AMSR (right). Differences of spatial resolution and influence of clouds (lower-left white areas in GLI image) are clearly seen. New Generation Sea Surface Temperature (NGSST) by NGSST group (led by Professor Hiroshi Kawamura of Tohoku University). GLI SST on April 10, 2003AMSR SST on April 10, 2003 All weather SST

12. SST anomaly in northern high latitudes

13. GCOM-C (Climate) GCOM-C1 Satellite Targets of GCOM-C are Targets are carbon cycle and radiation budget relating to the global environmental change, and will carry the Second generation GLobal Imager (SGLI), which is a radiometer of 380-12000nm as a follow-on mission of ADEOS-II/GLI. SGLI will observe aerosols, cloud, vegetation, ocean color, sea/land surface temperature, snow/ice, and so on. Orbit Sun synchronous orbit Altitude: 798km (on Equator) Inclination: 98.6° Local sun time ： 10:30±15 min Life5 years Launch January 2014 (TBD) by H-IIA Rocket Satellite scale 4.6m (X) X 16.3m (Y) X 2.8m (Z) (on orbit) Satellite mass 2020kg Mission mass: 480kg (SGLI) Bus mass (dry): 1360kg Propellant: 180kg Power generation More than 4250W (EOL) Visible & Near infrared push- broom Radiometer (VNR) Polarization (along-track slant) radiometer (P) shortwave & thermal InfraRed (T) Scanner (IRS) SGLI : Second generation GLobal Imager

14. SGLI channels CH  L std L max SNR at LstdIFOV VN, P, SW: nm T:  m VN, P: W/m 2 /sr/  m T: Kelvin VN, P, SW: - T: NE  T m VN13801060210250 VN24121075250400250 VN34431064400300250 VN44901053120400250 VN55302041350250 VN6565203390400250 VN7670102362400250 VN86702025210250 VN97638403504001000 VN1086520830400250 VN118652030300200250 P16702025250 1000 P286520303002501000 SW1105020572485001000 SW213802081031501000 SW3164020035057250 SW42210501.920211(TBD)1000 T110.80.73003400.2500 T212.00.73003400.2500 GCOM-C SGLI characteristics Scanning type Push-broom electric scan (VNR: VN & P) Wisk-broom mechanical scan (IRS: SW & T) Observation channel SGLI-VNR (Visible & Near infrared) Non-polarized observation 11 channel Polarized observation 2 channel SGLI-IRS Shortwave infrared 4 channel Thermal infrared 2 channel Scan width 1150km cross track (VNR: VN & P) 1400km cross track (IRS: SW & T) Digitalization12bit Polarization3 polarization angles for P Along track direction Nadir for VN, SW and T, +45 deg and -45 deg for P Overview of SGLI SGLI system consists of two components: SGLI-VNR and SGLI-IRS to optimize optics for each wavelength range SGLI-VNR consists of 11-channel non-polarimetric telescope and 2-channel along-track slant polarimetric telescope systems.

15. VNR land/coastal area observation SGLI VNR 250m resolution will enable to detect more fine structure in the coastal area such as river outflow, regional blooms, and small current. (a) GLI 1km Osaka Bay (1 Oct. 2003, CHL by LCI) (b) GLI 250m Osaka Bay (1 Oct. 2003, CHL by LCI) 250m Ocean color chlorophyll-a and NDVI simulated using GLI 250m channels Hiroshi Murakami, Mitsuhiro Toratani and Hajime Fukushima, Satellite ocean color observation with 250 m spatial resolution using ADEOS-II GLI, Remote Sensing of the Marine Environment, Proceedings of SPIE, Volume 6406-05, Nov. 28, 2006

16. Current contribution to GHRSST Produce and disseminate AMSR-E standard products, including L1B (TB), L2 and L3. Provide L2P AMSR-E SST data in netCDF format (GDS format) to GHRSST members via JAXA’s server in near real time.  Standard SST algorithm for JAXA processing. (Developer: Dr. Akira Shibata, MRI)  Ask password and more information to GHRSST@jaxa.jp and/or access to http://sharaku.eorc.jaxa.jp/ADEOS2/ghrsst/

17. For future GHRSST JAXA will continue AMSR-E data near real time processing and dissemination as long as sensor is operated. Additional TMI and Windsat SST data are under consideration (still testing in non- netCDF format). Future GCOM missions will be follow-ups to AMSR-E SST observation. SST observation by SGLI will be added. JAXA welcomes establishment of new framework for future GHRSST activities. We will contribute by followings;  Maintenances of current services for AMSR-E; and  Similar or better services for AMSR2 and SGLI.